Heat Loss And Payback Time Of Insulation Materials Construction Essay

Heat Loss And Payback Time Of Insulation Materials Construction Essay This is an empirical research on the topic heat loss and payback time of different insulation material. Insulation is one of the commonly used tool and also used as an effective techniques for heat loss prevention. This paper studies the different insulation materials and their comfort ability in preventing heat loss and their payback time period. The paper is analytical in nature and evaluates empirically as to how to measure the heat loss or gain and payback time of different insulation materials for cavity walls and what are the steps that can be taken prevent or control heat loss. Introduction Today, the world is concerned with factors like pollution, energy conservation, CO2 emissions and climate change. Each and every section of human and technical advancement is offset by some form of pollution that can have long term effects on the environment and consequently sustainability of life on Planet Earth. Automobiles, industries, and agriculture are some of the more popular areas of concern. But few are aware of the fact that the construction industry in general and private dwellings in particular plays a much larger role in polluting the environment. This observation can be verified from the figures and statistics as follows. The top twenty polluting countries in terms of CO2 emissions are given below. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/graph-showing-each-countrys.html It can be seen that the United Kingdom is the eighth most polluting country in the world. But it is far lower in terms of volume when compared to the United States, Japan, and the fast growing economies like India, China, and Russia. The UK also comes in eighth place in terms of per/capita emissions (9.66 tonnes per person). Taking these figures into consideration, the country can be classified as a moderately polluting one. For example, Australias place in terms of total CO2 emissions is sixteen, but its per/capita emission figures stand at 20.58. The United States come second with 19.78. The top polluter, China has only per/capita emissions of 4.58. http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science_and_impacts/science/graph-showing-each-countrys.html While the size of the population is a factor in bringing down per/capita emission figures, the case of Australia and the United States reveal that even countries with lower population levels can be responsible for high levels of emissions. It appears that the construction industry do contribute significantly to emissions. It is estimated that the construction industry in general contribute approximately thirty three percent of total green house gas emissions. (Page 3) http://www.ciob.org.uk/filegrab/TheGreenPerspective.pdf?ref=539 According to another observation, the situation is more serious in case of private dwellings. Most peoples concern about carbon emissions or a carbon footprint centres around gas-guzzling cars or flights. But in reality much of the problem is closer to home, or indeed in the home. Lighting and heating buildings generates 50% of Britains carbon dioxide emissions while the production of building materials accounts for a further 10% http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/feb/28/communities.society In this context, the current study is significant because it is concerned with heat loss effectiveness and the economic (payback period) benefits that home owners derive from having efficient insulati on. In this context, it is important that the construction industry provides technology in the form of insulation that can conserve energy (in terms of heat loss). This paper reviews the benefits of using insulation material in conserving heat loss and also the long term economic benefits that accrue from using such materials. The paper will focus on dwelling construction and not on large scale industrial, office, or housing projects. It is hoped that this study will provide a foundation for further studies in any form of construction with regard to use of insulation materials for energy and heat conservation. Heat loss and payback time is for cavity wall insulation materials(EPS, rockwool, phenolic foam, cork, sheeps wool, polyurethane foam, cellular glass, cellulose)in a semi detached dwelling of 8400 x 5500 mm outer dimension over period of time like from (2001-2010)and for future weather predictions as well like (2020,2030,2040,2050)in various counties of England. It will also take i nto consideration factors like temperature variations across seasons and geographical locations in the United Kingdom. The designing process has a lot to do in controlling heat loss. However, majority of the structures do not have enough system for preventing the loss. Though there are various techniques available in the market to reduce the heat loss, majority of them are not used due to different reasons such as non-reliability. One of the commonly used heat loss prevention technique is insulation. The State and its people are motivated in heat loss savings not only because they can save money, but they can protect the unnecessary loss of resources and energy as well. If proper heat loss prevention technique is applied there can have a great amount of savings. And if the technique used is insulation technique, then the chance o f savings would be high as there are lots of advantages to insulation technique compared to other techniques (Egan, 1975). Before going deep into the concepts of heat loss and insulation technique of prevention of heat loss it is better to have an understanding of the term heat. The term heat can be defined as the interaction between two substances which occurs by virtue of their temperature difference when they communicate (Moss, 1998, p. 2). It is the nature of the heat it is not constant at any place, but it will move from one place to another. However this movement depends on the temperature of that place. The heat can be lost in different ways such as conduction, infiltrationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.etc (Parker, 1997). There are different mechanisms to calculate the quantity of heat loss and these techniques also helps in designing such walls which has less quantity of heat loss. The different insulation material used in the walls can cause difference in the quantity of heat loss. This paper conducts a study of heat loss and payback time of different insulation materials for cavity walls. The different techniques are evaluated on the basis of payback time of the technique used. The payback time refers to the return on the investment of the techniques for preventing heat loss. Here the return in the sense both comfort and saving of money are considered. Research Background The heat loss is serious loss as it causes so many problems including financial problems. Though there are different preventive techniques are available for controlling the heat loss, most of them are not able to give expected result. One among such techniques is insulation technique. There are so many drawbacks for insulation techniques also. Therefore there is a relevance and great amount of significance to conduct a research on the topic heat loss and insulation techniques of preventing heat loss. The wrong selection of insulation materials is one of the main reasons for high amount of heat loss. When heat loss is measured it can be seen that the heat lost when one material of insulation is different from quantity of heat lost when another material of insulation is used. Un-insulated walls can also cause serious problems in terms of energy lost and other problems. The purpose of the building or the wall is also has a significant role in selecting the insulation technique. The moisture problem is one of the main factors to be considered. If the moisture problem is high, then insulation cannot do much do in preventing heat loss. The insulation materials should be selected in such a way that, it can ensure a control in moisture and air. Selecting the incorrect kind of insulation technique can increase the moisture problems. The insulation process would be easy and highly efficient, if the flow of air and moisture is properly controlled. The insulation process in such form is highly expensive and therefore it must be done with at most care. The reason is that, if there is no enough return on such insulation, the effort and money would be waste. Therefore each kind of insulation technique should be deeply analyzed in terms of its efficient application and then the selection decision should be made. Research Aim and Objectives This paper will address the topic of heat loss and payback period of different insulation materials. The main intention behind the research is to evaluate how effectively the heat loss can be avoided and how payback period of different insulation material can be calculated using analytical methods. The research is conducted in the context of commercial building where huge investments are made to avoid huge loss. But most of the cases are futile in the sense that either they lack proper insulation material or identifying major causes of heat loss in domestic and commercial environments. This study will explain how to insulate a building and how much insulation is needed including how to measure or calculate heat loss in a building. The specific objectives can be briefed as below: To investigate into how to Measure or Calculate Stop Building Heat Loss To assess and evaluate the various methods of how to measure or calculate heat loss (or gain) in a building To Identifying different building design temperatures how to use a home energy audit or heat loss analysis To assess the payback period of different insulation materials and how they can be perfectly calculated A Literature Review Heat loss is an important concern when considering the huge impact it has on saving energy which is the need of the time. Maintaining a proper temperature in a building consumes a large portion of energy worldwide. A building which is properly sealed, moisture-protected and insulated walls help increase comfort, reduce noise, and save on energy costs. However, there are different insulation materials out there which differs in there qualities especially in the R value which is a measure of thermal resistance of a material, the higher the R value the lower the heat loss. This topic covers information on different insulation materials, their payback periods, influence of weather on them, different climatic conditions in UK and its impact on building insulation materials. Heat loss of insulation materials Insulation slows the rate at which heat is lost to the outdoors. Heat flows in three ways: by conduction, convection and radiation. The main function of insulation is to keep the heat in. To be effective, insulation must be resistant to heat flow, able to fill a space completely and evenly without compacting and durable. How heat loss of insulation materials happens? Exposure to moisture Joints and cracks in the insulation allow water to travel in the insulation Corrosion Insulation that are not rated for the highest temperature of the material being covered Long-term exposure to heat reduces the strength of the insulation material. Insulation that do not should fit snugly all over the wall Using tape to cover gaps or hold insulation How is Heat Lost Heat can be absent in a array of ways. Some of these are calefaction accident by infiltration, losses by advice through floors, ceilings, individual bottle windows, double bottle or artificial covered windows, doors, and calefaction losses by conduction through walls. There are mainly three such a method in which calefaction moves (Murphy, 1976). These are convection, advice and radiation. This accident by agency of conduction can be anticipation of as the alteration of calefaction activity through or aural a solid. This alteration amount varies from actual to material. Heat can also be transferred through a fluid. This is alleged convection. Infiltration heat loss, on the added hand, can be anticipation of in the afterward way (Croy, 1984). Heat is transferred by conduction, convection or radiation, or by a combination of all three. Heat always moves from warmer to colder areas; it seeks a balance. If the interior of an insulated fish hold is colder than the outside air, the fish hold draws heat from the outside. The greater the temperature difference, the faster the heat flows to the colder area. Conduction. By this mode, heat energy is passed through a solid, liquid or gas from molecule to molecule in a material. In order for the heat to be conducted, there should be physical contact between particles and some temperature difference. Therefore, thermal conductivity is the measure of the speed of heat flow passed from particle to particle. The rate of heat flow through a specific material will be influenced by the difference of temperature and by its thermal conductivity. Convection: By this mode, heat is transferred when a heated air/gas or liquid moves from one place to another, carrying its heat with it. The rate of heat flow will depend on the temperature of the moving gas or liquid and on its rate of flow. Radiation: Heat energy is transmitted in the form of light, as infrared radiation or another form of electromagnetic waves. This energy emanates from a hot body and can travel freely only through completely transparent media. The atmosphere, glass and translucent materials pass a significant amount of radiant heat, which can be absorbed when it falls on a surface (e.g. the ships deck surface on a sunny day absorbs radiant heat and becomes hot). It is a well known fact that light-coloured or shiny surfaces reflect more radiant heat than black or dark surfaces, therefore the former will be heated more slowly. A chance for any of the above transfer of heat ends up in heat loss. The Moisture Problem The attendance of damp in the exoteric walls of a architecture reduces the effectiveness of insulation and may in actuality adulterate the framing and structural materials as able-bodied as accord to cruddy stains and affect the buildings appearance. Vapor manual through a actual is agnate to that for calefaction advice through a apparent which was declared earlier. It is dependent on time, apparent area, breath pressures on both abandon of the surface, thickness, and permeability, which is a measurement of a materials ability to address moisture. One blazon of botheration is if abstract forms on walls, floors or beam sections of a building. Here the insulation amount (R) is bargain because air pockets in the insulation actual are now abounding with water. It is this baptize that creates the problem. That is because baptize is a good aqueduct or poor insulator (Argue, 1980) Moisture problems occur when indoor air comes into contact with single window panes or uninsulated walls. Symptoms of moisture indoors Odours, frost and ice on cold surfaces, damp feeling , surface discoloration, staining, texture changes, deformed wood surfaces, wood decay, sweating pipes, water leaks, and dripping, peeling, blistering and cracking paint, crusty, powdery, chipping paint and masonry, and high indoor humidity. Outdoor sources of moisture. Foundation drainage slabs, below grade walls, splash back, Construction details, blocked exterior air circulation are few main sources of the moisture outdoors. Indoor sources of moisture. Occupants, firewood stored, attic, crawl spaces, construction materials, inadequate use of exhaust fans, aquariums and house plants, humidifiers, air conditioners and plumbing leaks. Identification and Prevention of Heat Loss One way in which to appraise a structures accessible calefaction accident is to employ energy audits. Audits are classified into three types, blazon A, B, and C (Shurcliff, 1980). These classes are based on the abyss or acuteness of the audit. The residential sector apropos itself with affairs A audits and chic B audits. Program audits are conducted by able auditors while B audits are commonly mail in blazon audits. The attributes of these audits may be on website audits where one identifies locations in which activity is captivated or lost. There are a variety of methods acclimated in free these locations of calefaction loss. One such method is the use of bittersweet techniques. A key agency in the blockage of calefaction accident is the use of able insulation materials accompanied by actual accession techniques. Thermal insulation is any material, or aggregate of materials, which provides attrition to the flow of calefaction energy (Strother, 1990). Insulation can appear in a array of shapes and material make-ups. It may appear as sheets, rolls, or blankets. It may also be of a part blazon that is caked or destroyed in. The part blazon is usually made up of bottle fiber, bedrock absolute or artificial area the cycle or absolute blazon may be made of bottle cilia or bedrock wool. These abstracts alter in their advantages and disadvantages. 1. Provide adequate insulation levels. Reducing the energy use of a building is usually the single most important thing you can do to reduce the buildings overall environmental impact. Dont substitute a green insulation material for a nongreen material if the change will hurt energy performance. 2. With lower R-value materials, increase insulation thickness. If substituting a green insulation material for a higher-R-value but more environmentally damaging insulation material, design the building to permit greater insulation thickness so that there is no sacrifice in energy performance. 3. Try to avoid HCFC-foamed insulation materials. HCFCs are far less destructive to stratospheric ozone than CFCs, but damaging nonetheless. When it can be done without reducing overall energy performance, avoid all HCFC based insulation, including extruded polystyrene, polyisocyanurate, and spray polyurethane. Expanded polystyrene or rigid fiberglass can be substituted for extruded polystyrene and polyisocyanurate. HFC-blown polyurethane (SuperGreen Foam), CO 2-blown isocyanurate (Icynene), or CO 2-blown polyurethane (Resin Technologies when it becomes available) can be substituted for conventional HCFC-blown polyurethane. 4. With highly conductive framing systems, avoid thermal bridging by installing a layer of insulating sheathing. With steel framing, for example, it does not make sense to design the walls to accommodate thicker or higher-R-value cavity-fill insulation when the steel will dramatically reduce the average wall R-values; instead, minimize the cavity-fill insulation and spend your budget putting insulative sheathing over the framing. 5. Choose high-recycled-content insulation materials. With cavity-fill insulation, cellulose and mineral wool have higher recycled content than fiberglass. Among the different fiberglass products, Schuller Internationals products have the highest post-consumer recycled content. Among extruded polystyrene products, Amofoam is the only one available with recycled content. 6. With built-up roofing systems, install a layer of sheathing between the insulation and the roofing surface so that reroofing is possible without destroying the insulation. 7. When substituting fiber insulation materials for boardstock insulation, consider the impact of using more framing material. Boardstock insulation is selfsupporting, while cavity-fill fiber insulation materials require a framed cavity. Even though the fiber insulation material might be environmentally superior, when you factor in the additional framing resource required, the advantages may not be as great. 8. With most fiber insulation materials, you should install a continuous air barrier between the insulation and the living space to keep fibers out of the indoor air. 9. For chemically sensitive individuals, specify a non-offgassing insulation material, such as the new Miraflex fiberglass from Owens Corning, or Air Krete. As additional testing information becomes available, consider Icynene and Greenwood Cotton insulation for these applications. 10. Choose an insulation contractor who recycles scrap insulation. Batt insulation scraps and Icynene trimmings can be chopped into loose-fill insulation. Reference: http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog/pdf/ec/ec1437.pdf 2.1 Insulation as a technique of heat loss prevention Insulation is extensively used as a tool for heat loss prevention. Insulation can be defined as the act of protecting something by surrounding it with material that reduces or prevents the transmission of sound or heat or electricity There are mainly two types of insulation materials. They are organic materials and inorganic materials. The different organic materials of insulation are polystyrene, polyurethane, phenolic foam, polyethylene foam etc. Different types of inorganic materials are mineral wool, calcium silicate, cellular glass, micro porous silica, magnesia, ceramic fibre, vermiculite and perlite. As the main purpose of insulation is control the heat loss, the insulation materials used must be able to prevent heat loss. Commonly used insulation materials are explained below Calcium silicate This form of insulation material is generally used in surfaces and also in piping. They will not easily get in contact with fire. This material makes use of organic and nonorganic fibre materials. The temperature range is 37.8 °C 648.9 ° Glass The following subdivisions are there in this category. Fibrous: This material has a very good capacity to absorb sound. The temperature covered is -40.0 °C to 37.8 °C. This is also a commonly used insulation material. Cellular This material can be transferred into different shapes. The temperature covered is -267.8 °C to 482.2 °C. The qualities of this material are it can resist number of chemical and it is not combustible. Mineral fiber This material is having high limit with regard to the upper temperature. The higher temperature is 1037.8 °C. This material has a very good capacity to absorb sound . Perlite This material has low contraction and the material last for a long period. The material rough one and shape is designed beforehand. Other materials used are elastomeric, foamed plastic, insulating cementà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc. Estimated Embodied Energy of Several Insulation Materials It surprises a lot of people to learn that a state-of-the-art, energy-efficient, passive-solar house built today may consume less heating and cooling energy over 30 or even 50 years of operation than was required to build it. This means that if our society wants to continue the impressive gains that have been made over the past 20 years in reducing energy use, we will need to focus attention on embodied energy as well as operating energy. Embodied energy is the energy required to produce and transport materials. If two insulation materials insulate equally well and other manufacturing impacts are comparable, the one with lower embodied energy is environmentally preferable. While the embodied energy of insulation materials is usually quite low compared with the energy a given amount of insulation will save over its lifetime, it is nonetheless important. Embodied energy values for common insulation materials are compared in Table 3. Because these values were obtained from different sou rces and may have been obtained using different assumptions, they should not be considered highly accurate. They do provide useful order-of-magnitude comparisons, though. Just how embodied energy values relate to environmental performance of a product is complicated by the fact that different fuels have different environmental impacts. For this broad comparison, it is reasonable to assume that a Btu of energy used by one industry is roughly comparable in terms of resource use and resultant pollution to a Btu used by another industry. Reusability and Recyclability Most insulation material reaches the end of its life not because it has worn out or has ceased to function properly, but because the building it was installed in is altered or taken down. The most obvious exception to this is commercial roofing. Many built-up roofing systems incorporate both rigid insulation and asphaltic roof surfacing. When re-roofing becomes necessary, the whole roof surface is often removed-insulation and all. The reusability of insulation materials is dependent on how those materials were installed. To facilitate re-roofing without replacing the insulation, Mike Tobin of AFM Corporation recommends installing a layer of sheathing between the insulation and the roofing membrane. If rigid boardstock insulation can be removed without breaking it up, it can often be reused. Performance of reused polyisocyanurate insulation will not be as good as that of new material, both because some of the low-conductivity gases will have escaped and because of nail holes. XPS, EPS , and all fiber insulation materials should not appreciably change in their insulating performance, though dust in fiber insulation materials will make working with the stuff at best disagreeable and at worst hazardous. A new product introduced in 1993, the Big Green Machine, is designed to chop up batt insulation to produce a loose-fill product for insulating attics (see EBN Vol. 3, No. 2). While primarily used by insulation contractors to reuse scraps left over from batt insulation jobs, the machine should also work for reprocessing batts recovered from old buildings during remodeling or demolition. The Big Green Machine can also be used to process waste Icynene insulation; large quantities of which are typically generated during installation. Because of dust and dirt, it is unlikely that any fiber insulation materials could be easily recycled into products other than insulation. Of the foam insulation materials, polystyrene (EPS, XPS) is easier to recycle than polyisocyanurate or polyurethane. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic, meaning that it can be melted and reformed into other products with minimal chemical modification. Polyisocyanurate and polyurethane are thermoset plastics that do not melt; most of the research being done on recycling of these materials is focusing on grinding the insulation and using the resultant powder as an additive in various unrelated materials. Another issue of concern relating to disposal of insulation is the CFC blowing agents that are banked in our existing buildings. A large portion of the CFC blowing agents that have been used in building insulation over the past 20 years have not yet been released into the atmosphere; they are still in the insulation. If studies show that even phasing out new production of CFCs and HCFCs is not enough to stem the ozone depletion that is occurring, there might be pressure to capture and thermally destroy CFCs in foam insulation that is being disposed of. This is already happening to a limited extent with refrigerators that are being recycled by utility companies through demand-side management programs. Increasing the payback time The insulation technique is sued for savings. That is economic saving and giving better result. To ensure insulation technique used is efficient and effective, certain points need to be given due consideration. First of the entire place where insulation is to be effected must be measured including finding out the temperature of that place. Then conduct an estimation of the loss in terms of oil and other items, if the insulation is not conducted. After that a detailed study of different factors including the temperature need to be conducted. Next important aspect is to find out the suitable insulation materials based on the analyses and requirements. After this process is done then directly start to talk about the dealers with regard insulation process and cost involved in it. A comparison of in economic terms if insulation is done and if insulation is not done is to be conducted. The payback time can be increased if the proper selection of insulation material is done. While selecting the insulation material following points must be considered. The selected material is economical Friendly with regard to temperature insulation material must have good qualities Life span of insulation material is long Payback period of different insulation materials vary depends on various factors Here is a list of factors for various well known insulation materials. Durability Durability of building materials, including insulation, is a very important environmental consideration. Clearly, more durable materials are environmentally superior to less durable ones. Most insulation materials will perform very well over lifetimes measured in decades or even centuries. There are exceptions, however, and various factors that affect performance over time. The biggest long-term performance concern with cellulose insulation is possible loss of fire-retardant chemicals. Because borates are water soluble, they can leach out if the insulation gets wet. Some people claim that those chemicals gradually disappear even if the material does not get wet, though these claims have not been substantiated. According to Dan Lea of CIMA, there is a shift within the industry toward ammonium sulfate fire retardants, which actually improve in fire retardancy performance over time. A concern with ammonium sulfate, however, is corrosion of metals in contact with the insulation, particularly with wet-spray applications. Other concerns with loose-fill fiber insulation are settling, displacement as a result of wind, and infestations of rodents. It is also possible that, over many decades, dust and dirt accumulation could reduce the R-value-either by compressing the insulation or by filling air pockets. Insulation materials that rely on reflectivity for their thermal performance are prone to reduced performance as accumulating dust reduces the reflectivity. Oak Ridge National Laboratory has published a number of studies on impact of dust on radiant barrier performance. Rigid foam insulation materials that were produced using low-conductivity blowing agents (CFCs and HCFCs) are prone to R-value drift as the blowing agents leak out of the cell structure and air leaks in. Polyisocyanurate foam comes from the factory with an insulating value over R-8 per inch (RSI/m-55), but that may drop as low as R-5.6 (RSI-39), according to some estimates. Depending on the material (especially the facing), the application, and installation practices, a reduction to R-5.6 per inch might take from several years to a century or more. In some parts of the country, foam insulation materials are also prone to infestation of wood-boring insects, such as carpenter ants. Tunnels and nesting cavities will reduce thermal performance and, with foam-core panels, may affect structural performance as well. To address this concern, EPS manufacturers affiliated with AFM Corporation now incorporate a borate additive into EPS foam-core panels. Reference: http://allweathergreen.com/pdfs/ComparisonofInsulationofProducts.pdf Heat Loss of Insulation materials and the Impact of Weather Heat is transferred from hot areas to cooler areas. So when a building is hot by various mechanisms especially, other energy forms to generate heat, the heat is being transferred to colder areas outside as long as it is warmer inside than out. The heat loss from a dwelling can be divided into two main categories: Fabric heat loss h

The Homeless Problem in America Essay -- Government

The Homeless Problem in America In Charles E. King’s â€Å"Homelessness in America†, he writes about the population of homeless people in America and the fact that children are part of the growing population of the homeless in America. Also, in â€Å"My Anger and Sadness Over Pesticides†, Cesar Chavez writes that pesticides have endangered the lives of farm workers and their families. In addition, in â€Å"The Gulf War is Still Being Fought†, Joelle Foshee writes that even though the gulf war has ended, a new war is still being fought and this new war is known as the â€Å"Gulf War Syndrome†. These are all injustices in America today. However, homelessness in America is the injustice I have chosen to address because the population of homeless people has grown higher due to insufficient help from the gove...

death penalty :: essays research papers

Almost 18 years ago an innocent wife and mother to two, named Sarah Bryne, received a call by her husband’s old college roommate. He explained to her that he and his wife were staying at a secluded motel near her work and were only staying for the weekend. She left work early to go and meet him and his wife. When she arrived he was alone. Once she was inside and the door closed he raped her. After raping her he stuffed her inside a small trunk, put the trunk in the back seat of his car and drove away. She made a help me sign in red lipstick and slid it through the trunk. Many motorists saw this plea and called the police. But before they could catch up he stopped on a secluded farm road, ripped her out of the trunk, strangled her with a necktie, broke her neck, and then finally finished the torture by stabbing her 14 times. He then put her mangled body back in the trunk and drove home to his wife and kids (1). There is only one offence in the state of Washington that you can receive the death penalty for and that is aggravated murder in the first degree. To receive this punishment one must plan out his act and in committing the crime commit an aggravating circumstance (3). Stabbing + raping + breaking a neck + strangulation all add up to an aggravated circumstance. It’s for people like this that we have instituted the death penalty. The death penalty is a just punishment, but like any system it does have some flaws. Although the death penalty does not work too well as a general deterrent it does work as a specific deterrent. Specific deterrent means that the penalty is keeping the offender from re-offending (2). Studies show that those who commit murder, if given the chance, re-offend. But some may wonder, isn’t life in prison keeping them from committing the crime again? The Criminal Justice Legal Foundation states that â€Å"the leading cause of death among prison inmates is murder by other inmates. A murderer serving a life sentence has no reason at all to refrain from killing other inmates or guards, or from hiring other criminals outside of prison to kill those who helped convict them.† But on the other hand the death penalty offers the opposite effect when it comes to general deterrence.

A fAREwell to arms study guide

A Farewell to Arms Study Gulled Questions *Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper as completely as possible. Keep these questions/answers to use as notes in order to prepare for discussions, quizzes, and tests. BOOK I 1 . What tone Is set in the opening chapters? Why Is this unexpected? The scene that Hemingway creates is peaceful and serene. However, the tone is depressing as fall turns into winter with rains and cholera plaguing the army. This is unexpected because the novel is about a war and we do not see any action. 2. What are your Impressions of the narrator so far?He seems rugged yet sensitive to the beauty of nature, articulate, inured to the dying that is part of war, probably a reliable reporter of external events, but pretty close- lipped about his own feelings. 3. How/Why did the narrator get Involved In WWW? Why Is he In the Italian army? (1) He signed up to drive an ambulance in the Italian army, he tells the head nurse he was in Italy and spoke It alian. 4. What does the narrator's initial attitude toward the war seem to be? (1) He seems objective and detached. 5. Describe the relationship between the Italian officers and the priest. What are their views concerning the Catholic Church? ) The priest is young and sincere, and the others tease him about his celibacy. The others poke fun at the church also. 6. Describe the priest's native village of Brazil. (2) Brazil is green with hills and a castle yet more guns and new hospitals and Bruits on the street. ( 10) he apologize to the priest? (3) Milan, Florence, Rome etc. He visits women. He apologizes to the priest for not visiting his hometown and family. 8. Who is Catherine Barley? How does the lieutenant meet her? A British V. A. D. – something like a nurse's aid. She has been seeing Ronald and Ronald drags Let. Henry to meet his girl. Discuss the effect on Catherine of her fiance ©'s death in the war. She held regret that they did not marry†¦ There is sadness as she says â€Å"l could have given him that anyway' she also said she was going to cut all of her hair off for him as she wanted to do something for him. (19) 10. How does Let. Ronald react to Catering's obvious preference for Henry? Was he sincere in his expressed intent to marry her? What does Ronald mean when he says, â€Å"Thank God I didn't become involved with the British† (32)? (5-6) Ronald is indifferent at Catering's attachment to Henry. He is not sincere in his intentions to marry Miss Barley. 11.Why does the lieutenant tell Catherine that he loves her? What is meant by the comment, â€Å"This was a game, like bridge† (30)? (6) He says it because it is what she wants to hear- if they are to have a physical relationship- but he has no intention of falling in love. 12. How does the soldier with the hernia feel about the war? Why does the lieutenant tell him to â€Å"get bump on your head† (35)? What was the outcome? (7) He doesn't want to go to the line again; by getting â€Å"injured† in a way that doesn't look like he did it on purpose, the soldier can -and does- get a ride to the hospital. 3. What is Henrys attitude now toward the dangers of war? 7) He recognizes them but feels that they have nothing to do with him- that he could not be killed. 14. Why does Ronald make the lieutenant chew coffee before going to see Catherine? (7) To mask the smell of alcohol to say that she can't see him that evening? How might this be a turning point for Henry? (7) Lonely and hollow. He recognizes that he loves her and longs to be with her. 16. How and when does Henry get injured? What medical treatment does he receive? Henry gets injured during dinner when a mortar explodes near his bunker. Henry test his wound cleaned at the dressing station and then transferred to the hospital. 17.Contrast the personalities of Ronald and the priest as revealed in their visits to Henry in the hospital. What does each of them do for Henrys recovery/spi rit? (10-11) Ronald – Free and fun. Likes to have fun, tease, drink, and women – talks about the medal of honor and brings Henry Cognac Priest – Talks more about feelings and what is on his mind (war, hometown, etc. ) – Brings mosquito net, vermouth, and English newspapers. 18. Why does the priest call Henry a patriot? Is this complimentary? Why or why not? Priest calls Henry a patriot because he is a foreigner fighting for Italy. Yes it is complimentary because the priest respects Henry. 9. Discuss the priest's view of love. Is the love affair between Henry and Catherine genuine according to the priest's definition? (11) The priest believes that when you love you are willing to sacrifice, do things, and serve. Love is like a religion to the priest. Henry and Catherine do have that sort of relationship. They meet together and seem to really like each other. Love making might play a key role, but they seem to care for one another. Although the relationship is young. 20. Where is Henry to be taken when he is removed from the field hospital? Why are doctors anxious for him to leave?Who will be at the other hospital? (12) To Milan to the American Hospital. Doctors need the room because there are more injured coming. Catherine was transferred to the other hospital. 21 . What is Henrys arrival at the hospital like? How does Mrs†¦ Walker try Henrys patience? Would you say that he is overbearing†¦ Or that she is over-sensitive? (13) He isn't expected and is left literally hanging- on the arms of the men supporting him- while she whines about having no room ready; he orders the porter to find him room and Mrs†¦ Walker cries. 22. How do Miss Van Camped and Henry get along? (13) Neither likes the other.She mistrusts him for being in the Italian army. He gets angry when she refuses to order wine for him. 23. Why do you think Miss Gage tells Henry that she doesn't like Miss Barley? (14) It is her humorous way of admitting some Jea lousy- that Miss Barley is so attractive- and perhaps some Jealousy that Miss Barley leaves no room for Miss Gage with him. 24. How does the barber act toward Henry? Why? (14) Thinking the Let. Henry is Austrian, the barber acts hostile. 25. What does Henry see when he looks at his wound now? 15) It looks repulsive- like hamburger meat- but he views it objectively , with detachment. 26.What is the surgeon's advice for Henry? Why does he not like the advice? (15) The surgeon advises waiting six months before surgery, to allow the bullet to â€Å"encysted†. 27. Why does Henry decide to have Dry. Valentine' go ahead with the operation? (15) Let. Henry want a major- not a captain- to do the operation, and he wants it done right away- which Valentine agrees is the way to go. 28. Why does Catherine tell Henry not to think about the two of them while he is under the anesthetic? (16) She doesn't want him to talk about their relationship in front of her colleagues. 29. Why do you thin k Catherine wants to know about Henrys past loves?Why do you think he lies? Would Catherine think less of him if he told the truth? (16) because he thinks the truth would hurt her. 30. After Henrys operation, Henry realizes that, â€Å"Catherine was right. It did not make any difference who was on night duty. † Why not? (17) He is feeling too sick to care whether or not he sees Catherine that night. 31 . How do Ferry and Catherine get along? Ferry and Henry? Why do Ferry and Henry have this type of relationship? (17) The women are good friends; Ferry is protective of Catherine and suspicious of Let. Henrys intentions. 32. Why don't Catherine and Let. Henry get married? 18) Catherine points out that if they were married, she would probably be sent away. 33. What are Catherine and Henrys beliefs about religion? (18) She tells Let. Henry that he is her only religion; he seems to be pretty much of an atheist. 34. Who are the Meyers? Who else does Henry know in Milan and what do t hey do for a living? (19) They are a couple who like horseradish. 35. How can you tell that Catherine has deep-rooted fears? Why does she cry when it anis? (19) She says that she is afraid- that she images both of them dead in the rain. 36. Describe the horse races at San Sirs. What about them makes Catherine feel â€Å"unclean†? 20) 37. What is Catering's big news for Henry? How does Henry seem to feel when he finds out? (21) She is pregnant. He is worried but reassuring. 38. How long was Henrys convalescent leave supposed to be? How did he lose it? (22) A couple of weeks; he develops Jaundice and Miss Van Camped accuses him of 39. Before Henry leaves, he and Catherine go too hotel. Why is she unhappy there? (23) She feels like a where. 40. How does Henry end up on the floor of the train back to the front? (24) He pays a machine- gunner to hold it for him, but gives up the seat when a captain protests. BOOK Ill 41 .What is the change in mood Henry encounters in Georgia when he returns from the hospital? Why doesn't it â€Å"feel like a homecoming†? (25) Gloom is pervasive – and things have changed. He does not know the British ambulance driver, the major looks older, etc. 42. What does the major tell Henry about how things have been going while Henry was away? (25) The major says it has been a bad summer and there are many sick; he is pessimistic bout the next year. 43. How does Ronald seem to be doing? How has he changed since Henry last saw him? (25) While he still Jokes, he seems depressed about the war and worried because he believes he has syphilis. 4. Why does Henry tell Ronald he doesn't want to drink too much? (25) Let. Henry explains that he has had Jaundice. 45. How has the priest changed since Henry last saw him? What does he mean when he says, â€Å"Many people have realized the war this summer† on page 178? (26) The priest is subdued, weary; he thinks that people are finally realizing the brutality and senselessness of war. 6. What does Henry think about Gin's patriotism? (27) he notices Gin's criticism of his own country which is not in keeping with a patriotic mindset. 47. Why do the Italians plan to retreat? What is Henrys role in the preparations? 27) The order is given after the Germans break through to the north; Let. Henry is supposed to stay put and help clear out the hospital equipment and the wounded; not all the wounded can be evacuated. 48. Why do Henry and the others leave the main road? (28) They are afraid of getting stuck if the column is stopped by a few dead horses or deserted trucks. 49. What happens to the sergeants when Henry asks them to help free the ambulance? Are Henrys actions Justified? (29) When the sergeants refuse to help get the ambulance out of the mud, Let. Henry shoots and injures one, whom Bone happily finishes off. 50.Pain and Ammo call themselves anarchists and socialists. What do they mean? (29) An anarchist believes in voluntary association- overthrow of the government control; a socialist advocates giving ownership and control of land and capital to the community as a whole. 51 . Why does Henry go across the bridge first? What does this show about his developing/changing character? 30) They all know that the bridge may be mined- but that one person alone probably would not detonate the explosives; he is pretty brave and feels responsible for the others. 52. Why is Henry so angry when he sees the German staff car and bicyclists? 30) It means that the Italians have not held back the Germans; he thinks the Italians should have blown up the bridge and set up machine gunners along the embankment. 53. Who gets killed from Henrys group? How? Who actually shoots him? Why is Henry so upset about his death? (30) Ammo gets shot by frightened Italians. Let. Henry isn't visibly upset, but admits that he 54. How does Henry almost get killed? Why? How does he escape? (30) The Italian battle police are about to shoot him for leaving his regiment- and because they suspect he is a German- when he escapes by Jumping into the river. 5. Why does Henry cut the stars from his sleeves? (31) For â€Å"convenience†- so that he won't be further harassed as an officer without his regiment 56. What does Henry think about as he lies in the train car? How does he feel about the war and his life at this point? How has his character change since the beginning of the novel? (32) He thinks about his lack of anger, his desire simply to wash his hands of the war, and bout the friends- Ronald, the priest, etc. – that he will never see again. He had been sure that the war would not kill him- now he knows it could.He is anxious to be with Catherine, while at the beginning he wanted no commitments. BOOK 57. What help does the proprietor of the bar in Milan offer Henry? Why does he Make this offer? (33) He offers him a safe place to stay and phony leave papers; having seen Let. Henry lump from the train, he has deduced that Henry is in tro uble- and genuinely likes him. 58. What information do the porter and his wife give Henry? Why does Henry offer them money? Why do they refuse it? (33) Catherine has gone to Stress; he pays them to keep quiet, but they refuse the money because they like him and want to help. 9. Who is Simmons? Where in the novel does he first appear? How does he help Henry? (33) Henry met Simmons when he was a patient at the hospital in Milan and Simmons was taking voice lessons; Simmons gives him some civilian clothes. 60. Explain what Henry means when he says, â€Å"I had made a separate peace† on page 243. (34) the war, he Just wants to be contentedly alone with Catherine somewhere. 61 . How does Henry find Catherine once he gets to Stress? 34) He asks the barman at the hotel whether he has seen two English girls; the barman finds out where Catherine and her friend are staying. 62.How does Helen Ferguson react to Henrys appearance in Stress? Why? (34) She is angry and annoyed because she f eels Henry has exploited Catherine; also, she is probably Jealous because he is taking away her companion. 63. Where does Henry plan to go to leave the war behind? Why? (34) To Switzerland 64. Why does Henry feel like a criminal? (34) Because he has deserted from the Army 65. Who is Count Grief? Despite the age difference, how are he and Henry alike? (35) A very old man Henry had met previously; as they play billiards, he reveals his believe that Italy will win the war- since younger nations usually do. 6. Why does Emilio, the barman, come to Henrys room in the middle of the night? (36) To alert Let. Henry that there are plans to arrest Henry in the morning. 67. What escape plan do Emilio and Henry devise? (36) Emilio gives Henry his rowboat and Henry and Catherine row to Switzerland. 68. What do Henry and Catherine decide to do as soon as they reach their destination? What immediately happens after they're done? (37) They go too cafe © and order a big breakfast. They are arrested but don't seem afraid. They foresaw the arrest. 69. What excuse do Henry and Catherine give for their trip to Switzerland?

How Messed Up Education Can Be Essay

So just like any other year, students have to attend the opening ceremony; my little sister sat down in the last rows filled with graffiti in the auditorium I looked up and thinking to myself, â€Å" They changed the principle again, whoever in charge, do they think it will fix the problems? † They have been using this method for ages. Every year, the new principle would give an awesome speech about how they would fix everything. But the past decade, same problems still haunt the school. Even though fear and worries in my head, I have no choice but to let my little sister attends this school. Welcome to Northeast High of the Kansas City District; welcome to the education of my life. I moved to America when I was twelve and I attended Northeast Middle School. The District put me in the ELL (English Language Learner) program because I didn’t speak any English. So in those three years, I learned as much as I could but I was still a kid, I didn’t really pay attention to my education nor did I care about it. But in 8th grade, I got a peak of how education could turn out. Mr. Bui was my math teacher that year, he was special. Even though the school set up its lesson plan, Mr. Bui didn’t follow it; he told the class that we were ready for higher level class. So he ordered an old set of high school Algebra I textbooks and started teaching. I knew he was a good teacher, the whole class got A in the end of the year and we were ready for high school. When I was a freshman in high school that was where education became more serious for me. All the students that went to Northeast Middle were automatically enrolled in Northeast High, which is right next to each other. The school is about to be 100 years old and it was popular for all the bad things, such as: gangs, shooting, fighting, drugs, and bad education. My family didn’t want me to go to this school. But we had no choice, we couldn’t afford to move. At first, I thought these violent wouldn’t matter because I was going to try hard to learn. But I was dead wrong, the school was like a prison, these were ten security guards and two police officers always on standby in case of emergency. It just made you feel like a criminal being watch instead of a normal student like you are supposed to be. But the biggest problem prevented me from learning was the teacher, they were horrible. It seemed like they were there to babysit us, most of them would tell you to crack a book open and read one chapter then do the reviews. They usually read the newspaper, play games or read a book. Once, the class even caught my teacher watching inappropriate videos on his computer. Things were horrible, there were no such thing as homework, the school use the excuse there wasn’t enough textbook for students to bring home. Even so, not all the teacher were bad, some of them are actually teaching and a few were doing well in it. I guess it’s about who cares and who doesn’t. Of course, the students love it, they never had to do anything to get a good grade. You can just sleep in one class the entire year and would still able to pass with C. Sometimes I enjoy it but other time I hated it because I have high expectation of myself. In my junior year, the Kansas City School District was low on funds for education. It closed down a few schools and Northeast High was on the list. But then in the meeting for voting, there were so many parents showing up and spoke up; Northeast High remain stay open. Even so, the District closed down Northeast Middle and put the students in high school and it turned into the K-12 program. Which they made the problems worse; every week there would be a fight in the school, more gangs related, more bullies, more graffiti, and more shooting in the neighborhood. We had big an incident when a girl got raped in the bathroom, but they kept it as a secret. The victim moved away and the kids took part in it was punished. In my last year of my high school, disaster strike when the Kansas City School District lost its accreditation. The reason we lost it is because of the students test scores, I wasn’t really surprise but I was mad. My whole education life felt like trash, I wish I could do something to change it. But even so, I hoped for a better education in college so I kept going. The senior class of 2012, there were 142 students but only about half of us graduated. I was in the top 10% of the class rank and I received a few scholarships. Only a handful of class went on to a 4 years-college, some went to community college and the rest still trying to find a job. There are many reasons why the education system could be so mess up but someone, somehow need to fix it. If one can fire the useless teacher and hire the good teacher. I think things would be a little better. Of course, if the neighborhood were better, the school wouldn’t be effect by all the bad things around it. I’m hoping my family will finally able to move next year so my little sister doesn’t have to go through the same thing I did. I’m also glad I made it to college and getting a good education. I know some kids out there that wish to be me right now.

Victorian Era

The Victorian Era During the Victorian Era, social classes of England were newly reforming, and fomenting. There was a churning upheaval of the old hierarchical order, and the middle classes were steadily growing. Added to that, the upper classes' composition was changing from simply hereditary aristocracy to a combination of nobility and an emerging wealthy commercial class. The definition of what made someone a gentleman or a lady was, therefore, changing at what some thought was an alarming rate. By the end of the century, it was common that a gentleman was someone who had a liberal public (private) school education, no matter what his antecedents might be. There continued to be a large and generally disgruntled working class, wanting and slowly getting reform and change. Conditions of the working class were still bad, though, through the century, three reform bills gradually gave the vote to most males over the age of twenty-one. Contrasting to that was the horrible reality of child labor which persisted throughout the period. When a bill was passed stipulating that children under nine could not work in the textile industry, this in no way applied to other industries, nor did it in any way curb rampant teenaged prostitution. The Victorian Era was also a time of tremendous scientific progress and ideas. Darwin took his Voyage of the Beagle, and posited the Theory of Evolution. The Great Exhibition of 1851 took place in London, lauding the technical and industrial advances of the age, and strides in medicine and the physical sciences continued throughout the century. The radical thought associated with modern psychiatry began with men like Sigmund Feud toward the end of the era, and radical economic theory, developed by Karl Marx and his associates, began a second age of revolution in mid-century. The ideas of Marxism, socialism, feminism churned and bubbled along with all else that happened. The dress of the early Victorian era was similar to the the Georgian age. Women wore corsets, balloonish sleeves and crinolines in the middle 1840's. The crinoline thrived, and expanded during the 50's and 60's, and into the 70's, until, at last, it gave way to the bustle. The bustle held its own until the 1890's, and became much smaller, going out altogether by the dawning of the twentieth century. For men, following Beau Brummell's example, stove-pipe pants were the fashion at the beginning of the century. Their ties, known then as cravats, and the various ways they might be tied could change, the styles of shirts, jackets, and hats also, but trousers have remained. Throughout the century, it was stylish for men to wear facial hair of all sizes and descriptions. The clean shaven look of the Regency was out, and mustaches, mutton-chop sideburns, Piccadilly Weepers, full beards, and Van Dykes were the order of the day. Due to the lack of modern technology that we have today such as televisions and the internet, the Victorian era (the era in which Queen Victoria reigned, this was between 1837 and 1901 was renowned for famous for the short stories that the authors of the time wrote. The birth of the railway also took place during the Victorian era and as one would expect, many people used it for transportation over long distances. There were no televisions so at times of boredom and during these long train journeys the people of the time depended solely on books and short stories for entertainment. The Ghost story genre proved to be most popular amongst the Victorian people. At the beginning of the nineteenth century in Britain, religious faith and the sciences were generally seen to be in beautiful accordance. This harmony between science and faith, mediated by some form of theology of nature, continued to be the mainstream position for most men of science right up to the 1860’s, at least. But it did come under threat. Many scientists questioned the literal meaning of the Genesis and opposed to the authoritarianism of organized Christian religion. Charles Darwin was the one, who with his Origins of the Species in 1859, proved things that could not be tolerated by the Church. It attracted widespread interest on publication. The book was controversial because it contradicted religious beliefs that underlay the then current theories of biology, and it generated much discussion on scientific, philosophical, and religious grounds. Of course a longer period had to pass to accept Darwin’s ideas, but it did affect the Christian mind, it did raise questions about the institution of the Church. The values that were based on religion were shaken greatly as well and the roots of the 20th century’s search for new values could be originated from here. Attitudes toward values and morals in those times also depended on, which social class a person belonged to. As the population increased, the gap between the lower and upper classes grew larger and also the differences in social behavior. Lower working classes struggled with everyday life, large families often did not have anything to eat, and children had to go working from an early age. There, the morals were drawn to the background. Even though, every felony was punished strictly, people often ended up stealing, robbing and murdering. Cities were full of slums, hygiene was non-existent and the drinking water spread diseases. Among these circumstances there was one rule that existed: to survive the day! Opposing the upper classes’ primness, prostitution and child labor was not scorned as a livelihood for the common people. Society as a whole, was called and often talked about in connection with the Victorian Era, did not help them, did not do anything for them, only despised them. Victorian values included a strict moral code and an obsession with social status. Upper classes always liked to lead their life in an exemplary way, regarded the morals highly and lived accordingly. Their occupation and social standing was largely determined by family background and social connections. We have to take into consideration that the Victorian era was the one when educated and wealthy people knew that the period they were living in is great and society, if everyone in it lived according to the Victorian values, could be happy. Although by looking back at the way they treated these values, most of them seem hypocritical. In their life religion, family, home, wealth and primness played an important role and proud as they were of themselves of belonging to these great times, rejected anyone whose life was not based on these things. They were the lucky ones that were educated and could easily afford forming opinions about the rest of the society, making references to morals, making up their own and forming the old ones as well. The Victorian era became notorious for employing young children in factories and mines and as chimney sweeps. Child labor played an important role in the Industrial Revolution from its outset, often brought about by economic hardship, Charles Dickens for example worked at the age of 12 in a blacking factory, with his family in debtor's prison. The children of the poor were expected to help towards the family budget, often working long hours in dangerous jobs and low wages. In England and Scotland in 1788, two-thirds of the workers in 143 water-powered cotton mills were described as children. Agile boys were employed by the chimney sweeps; small children were employed to scramble under machinery to retrieve cotton bobbins; and children were also employed to work in coal mines to crawl through tunnels too narrow and low for adults. Children also worked as errand boys, crossing sweepers, shoe blacks, or selling matches, flowers and other cheap goods. 7] Some children undertook work as apprentices to respectable trades, such as building or as domestic servants (there were over 120,000 domestic servants in London in the mid 18th Century). Working hours were long: builders worked 64 hours a week in summer and 52 in winter, while domestic servants worked 80 hour weeks, children worked from 12 to 16 hours a day; they often began w orking at the age of six or seven. Children had to be beaten to keep them from falling asleep while at work; in spite of this, many failed to keep awake and were mutilated or killed. Parents had to submit to the infliction of these atrocities upon their children, because they themselves were in a desperate plight. Craftsmen had been thrown out of work by the machines; rural laborers were compelled to migrate to the towns by the Enclosure Acts, which used Parliament to make landowners richer by making peasants destitute; trade unions were illegal until 1824; the government employed agents provocateurs to try to get revolutionary sentiments out of wage-earners, who were then deported or hanged. Such was the first effect of machinery in England. Children as young as three were put to work. A high number of children also worked as prostitutes.. In coal mines children began work at the age of five and generally died before the age of 25. Many children worked 16 hour days. As early as 1802 and 1819 Factory Acts were passed to regulate the working hours of workhouse children in factories and cotton mills to 12 hours per day. These acts were largely ineffective and after radical agitation. A royal commission recommended in 1833 that children aged 11–18 should work a maximum of 12 hours per day, children aged 9–11 a maximum of eight hours, and children under the age of nine were no longer permitted to work. This act however only applied to the textile industry, and further agitation led to another act in 1847 limiting both adults and children to 10 hour working days. By 1900, there were 1. 7 million child laborers reported in American industry under the age of fifteen. The number of children under the age of 15 who worked in industrial jobs for wages climbed to 2 million in 1910. The accepted reasoning was that the career for women was marriage. To get ready for courtship and marriage a girl was groomed like a racehorse. In addition to being able to sing, play an instrument and speak a little French or Italian, the qualities a young Victorian gentlewoman needed, were to be innocent, virtuous, biddable, dutiful and be ignorant of intellectual opinion. A wealthy wife was supposed to spend her time reading, sewing, receiving guests, going visiting, letter writing, seeing to the servants and dressing for the part as her husband's social representative. For the very poor of Britain things were quite different. Fifth hand clothes were usual. Servants ate the pickings left over in a rich household. The average poor mill worker could only afford the very inferior stuff, for example rancid bacon, tired vegetables, green potatoes, tough old stringy meat, tainted bread, porridge, cheese, herrings or kippers. The Catholicism of the Oxford Movement, the Evangelical movement, the spread of the Broad Church, and the rise of Utilitarianism, socialism, Darwinism, and scientific Agnosticism, were all in their own ways characteristically Victorian; as were the prophetic writings of Carlyle and Ruskin, the criticism of Arnold, and the empirical prose of Darwin and Huxley; as were the fantasy of George MacDonald and the realism of George Eliot and George Bernard Shaw. One could say that Queen Victoria personified the spirit of nineteenth-century England; she was Queen of the United Kingdom, Great Britain, and Ireland as well as Empress of India. She put the â€Å"Victorian† in the Victorian Era.

Prosecuting Argument Essay

On a mid-afternoon day in October of 2013, the defendant, Stu Dents, left his apartment and drove to the victim’s apartment. There were two eyewitnesses that saw the defendant walk into the apartment building to his girlfriend’s (victims) apartment, and enter. It is unclear on how the defendant entered the apartment because there were no signs of forced entry. The victim was not home at the time. Her co-workers say they last saw her when she left work that evening. The body of the victim was found the next morning behind an abandoned building, five miles from her home. The victim was found with cloth stuffed in her mouth, her arms and legs tied with rope, and she had been stabbed to death. The coroner determined that she was stabbed 13 times and bled to death. Cuts and bruises were found on her body as well as skin particles under her fingernails. This signified a struggle had occurred prior to her death. When DNA tests were conducted, the DNA under the victim’s fingernails matched the DNA of the defendant. When the defendant’s home was searched, the police found drugs, along with jewelry owned by the victim. In a locked room in the defendant’s house, police found a wall covered with photographs of the victim. These photographs were mostly taken without her knowledge. The police found love letters, along with a journal that was started six months prior to the death of the victim. The journal had detailed events from the first time the defendant and the victim met, up to the night before the murder. The journal entries discussed purchasing the items used to kidnap and murder the victim. He referenced aliens, God, and the end of the world in his journal as well. There was enough evidence to arrest Mr. Dents on the evening of the 21st of October. When he was taken away by the police, the defendant began screaming about the end of the world and aliens working on the police force. He was very agitated, irrational, and combative. When an officer tried to handcuff him,  the defendant punched the officer in the face and yelled, â€Å"Alien!† The state is charging Stu Dents with homicide, assault of a police officer, kidnapping, burglary, and crimes related to drugs. For the charge of Homicide against the defendant Stu Dent, the state of Minnesota would charge Stu Dent with murder in the first degree. 609.185, MURDER IN THE FIRST DEGREE. (a) Whoever does any of the following is guilty of murder in the first degree and shall be sentenced to imprisonment for life: (1) causes the death of a human being with premeditation and with intent to effect the death of the person or of another; (2) causes the death of a human being while committing or attempting to commit criminal sexual conduct in the first or second degree with force or violence, either upon or affecting the person or another; (3) causes the death of a human being with intent to effect the death of the person or another, while committing or attempting to commit burglary, aggravated robbery, kidnapping, arson in the first or second degree, a drive-by shooting, tampering with a witness in the first degree, escape from custody, or any felony violation of chapter 152 involving the unlawful sale of a controlled substance. In the charge of assault of a police officer in the state of Arkansas, Stu Dents will be charged with aggravated assault upon a certified law enforcement officer or an employee of a correctional facility. Stu Dents will be charged under A.C.A.  § 5-13-211. a)When an individual commits an aggravated assault upon a certified law enforcement officer or an employee of a correctional facility. This individual will be charged if, under circumstance manifesting significant indifference to the person(s) personal hygiene of the certified law enforcement officer or the employee with the correctional facility. This is when the individual intentionally takes part in conduct that has or will create potential danger of infection to the certified law enforcement officer or the employee of any state or local correctional facility while the certified officer or employee is in the course of his or her employment by causing the person whom the actor is well aware that he or she is a certified officer or employee to come into contact with blood, feces, urine, saliva, seminal fluid, or any other bodily fluid through purposely throwing, expelling, tossing, or in any other way transferring the fluids or material (â€Å"A.c.a.  § 5-13-211†, 2015). b) Aggravated assault upon an employee of a correctional facility either sate or local or a certified law enforcement  officers is a Class D felony (â€Å"A.c.a.  § 5-13-211†, 2015). Stu Dents is charged with a Class D felony for aggravated assault upon a law enforcement officer because he became combative and struck the police officer in the face with a closed fist while screaming â€Å"Alien.† KIDNAPPING The defendant wrongfully trespassed onto the victim’s property. He went into the victim’s apartment when she was not at home. He may not have gone in thinking that he was going to take something from her home, but he did. He took from her home, her personal jewelry. He had no intentions of giving back what he had taken, and the victim did not give the defendant permission to take her possessions. If charged with burglary in Arizona, you are facing felony charges. Though there are three different classifications for burglary, each of them are felonies. Third degree burglary is doing one of two things. The unlawful entering or remaining in a nonresidential structure or fenced in area, with the intent of committing any theft or felony. The unlawful gaining entry into any part of a vehicle with burglar’s tools with the intent of committing any theft or felony. The punishment carries 18 months to three years in prison. Second degree burglary is the unlawful entering or remaining in or on a residential structure with the intent of committing any theft or felony. This applies to a home, apartment building, or any place people reside. This carries a two in a half to seven year punishment in prison. First degree burglary is the most serious charge. This means one committed either a second or third degree burglary while using a firearm, explosive, or other deadly weapon. The punishment is four to ten years in prison. To be charged with any degree of burglary, you do not need to steal anything, only have the intent of stealing. Also, the defendant was charged with crimes related to drugs, in the state of Minnesota they would charge him with 152.021 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE CRIME IN THE FIRST DEGREE. Subd. 2. Possession crimes. (a) A person is guilty of a controlled substance crime in the first degree if: (1)the person unlawfully possesses one or more mixtures of a total weight of 25 grams or more containing cocaine, heroin, or methamphetamine. A blue MDMA tablet also known as ecstasy, with a â€Å"thumbs-up† imprint was found under the table in the living room as well  as powder cocaine residue on the living room coffee table of the victim’s apartment. Upon search of the defendant’s home, detectives found ecstasy, cocaine, methamphetamine, and jewelry owned by the victim among the defendant’s possessions. Small bag containing ecstasy found at defendants home matched the ones found at the victim’s home. References A.C.A.  § 5-13-211. (2015). Retrieved from Revisor of statutes, State of Minnesota, 152.021 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE CRIME IN THE FIRST DEGREE, 2014. Retrieved on February 13, 2015 from Revisor of statutes, State of Minnesota, 609.185 Murder in the First Degree, 2014. Retrieved on February 13, 2015 WordPress Admin (n.d.). Burglary Laws. Retrieved on February 13, 2015 from