National Council on Government Accounting Statement No. 44...

Financial statements of any type of entity (governmental or business) must be comparable from one accounting period to another. In any type of industry it is necessary to adopt accounting principles that best reflect the entity’s respective practice. Changes in accounting principles are often required to improve reliability and relevance of the financial statements. Financial statements of an entity must be presented consistently with other entities that are involved in the same line of practice. Ultimately, this allows users of the financial statements to interpret the performance and position of the entity in comparison to those in the same practice. Governmental reporting is no different than the reporting of the private sector in the aspect of the continual search for improvement in the comparability of financials. As stated above, the more streamlined financial statements are within a sector allows for better performance measures and can provide access to fair financial r eporting. In seeking enhanced reporting the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) issued Statement No. 44 as an amendment to the statistical section portion of the National Council on Governmental Accounting (NCGA) Statement 1, Governmental Accounting and Financial Reporting Principles. In this study I focus on three main aspects. First, I define the downfalls of NCGA Statement 1 within the statistical section of the financial statements and the origin of GASB Statement 44. I will also give aShow MoreRelatedDifferent Sources of Regulation for Financial Statements in Ireland9839 Words   |  40 Pagessomebody for general information. Outline the different sources of regulation of financial statements in Ireland. When accountants are preparing a set of financial statements accountants must comply with the relevant accounting rules. The regulatory framework provides a set of rules and regulations to ensure fair play.’ The principal aim of the regulatory frame work is to ensure that the financial statements present a true and fair view of the financial performance and position of the organization’Read MoreDifferent Sources of Regulation for Financial Statements in Ireland9830 Words   |  40 Pagessomebody for general information. Outline the different sources of regulation of financial statements in Ireland. When accountants are preparing a set of financial statements accountants must comply with the relevant accounting rules. The regulatory framework provides a set of rules and regulations to ensure fair play.’ The principal aim of the regulatory frame work is to ensure that the financial statements present a true and fair view of the financial performance and position of the organization’Read MoreFinancial Reporting Council: the Use of a Sector Neutral Framework for the Making of Australian Accounting Standards49538 Words   |  199 PagesFinancial Reporting Council: The Use of a Sector Neutral Framework for the Making of Australian Accounting Standards Introduction The Australian Financial Reporting Council (FRC) was established on 1 January 2000 under section 225 of the Australian Securities and Investments Commission Act 19891 (ASIC Act) for the purpose of overseeing Australia’s accounting standard setting process. One of the key functions of the Financial Reporting Council (FRC) is to provide broad oversight of the processesRead MoreZeff 19785820 Words   |  24 PagesTHE RISE OF ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES The impact of accounting reports on decision making may be the most challenging accounting issue of the 1970s. by Stephen A. Zeff Since the 1960s, the American accounting profession has been aware of the increasing influence of outside forces in the standardsetting process. Two parallel developments have marked this trend. First, individuals and groups that had rarely shown any interest in the setting of accounting standards began to intervene actively and powerfullyRead MoreInternational Accounting: Comaprison15028 Words   |  61 Pagesmarket is debt –oriented or equity oriented has a significant impact on the financial reporting that develops in the country, both at the cosmetic and at the substantive level. Choose a equity oriented country and a debt oriented country, and obtain two corporate annual reports from each. Comment on the similarities and the differences of the reports National differences in disclosure are driven largely by differences in corporate government and finance. In US, UK and other Anglo-American countriesRead MoreCorporate Governance in Australia After Hih and Globalisation5862 Words   |  24 Pagesmarket deregulation and liberalisation based on the believe that government intervention will only distort resources allocation and hinder market growth. The collapse of Australian company HIH Insurance Ltd (HIH) in 2001 was analysed in terms of its conduct and compliance to the Corporations Act, listing rules as well as code of corporate governance as released by the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) Corporate Governance Council (CGC). Reforms in regulations and the Corporate Governance PrinciplesRead MoreChapter 2 Worldwide Accounting Diversity18181 Words   |  73 PagesChapter Two Worldwide Accounting Diversity Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you should be able to †¢ Provide evidence of the diversity that exists in accounting internationally. †¢ Explain the problems caused by accounting diversity. †¢ Describe the major environmental factors that influence national accounting systems and lead to accounting diversity. †¢ Describe a judgmental classification of countries by financial reporting system. †¢ Discuss the influence that culture is thought toRead MoreCh 1 Financial Acc. Theory and Analysis6038 Words   |  25 PagesExample Test Questions Chapter 1 Multiple Choice: 1. Which of the following bodies has the ultimate authority to issue accounting pronouncements in the United States? a. Securities and Exchange Commission b. Financial Accounting Standards Board c. International Accounting Standards Committee d. Internal Revenue Service Answer a 2. What historical evidence of the business operations of the private estate of Apollonius was discovered early inthe20th century? a. The Iliad b. Plato s Republic Read MoreThe Effects of Ifrs on Financial Ratios12681 Words   |  51 Pages MA (Economics), MPA Research and Standards, CGA-Canada About the Authors Michel Blanchette, FCMA, CA is a professor of Accounting with Università © du Quà ©bec en Outaouais. Franà §ois-Éric Racicot is a Professor of Business with Università © du Quà ©bec en Outaouais, and Jean-Yves Girard, CMA, is an Industrial Analysis and Development Officer at Industry Canada, Government of Canada. The authors thank Diane Bigras, Denis Cormier and Thà ©rà ¨se Roy for their comments on an earlier version. About CGA-Canada Read MoreEffects of Computerised Accounting to Performance of Financial Institutions16851 Words   |  68 PagesLIMITATION OF ACCOUNTING 17 2.2.1. Objectives of Accounting: 17 2.2.2. Limitations of Accounting: 18 2.3. The accounting cycle 19 2.4. FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTING 19 2.5. INTERESTED PARTIES IN ACCOUNTING INFORMATION 20 2.6. COMPUTER ROLES IN MODERN ACCOUNTING 21 2.7. THE MAIN ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 22 2.8. BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING SYSTEM 23 2.9. Data Processing Equipment 24 2.10. EFFECT OF COMPUTERIZED ACCOUNTING ON FINANCIAL REPORTING 24 2.11. LIMITATIONS

Legal and Ethical Issues in the Workplace - 1988 Words

Legal and Ethical Issues in the Workplace Barbara Pritchard BUS 670: Legal Environment Professor Gary Gentry July 15, 2013 LEGAL AND ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE WORKPLACE Abstract In society today the business world presents many ethical issues. Organizations must strive to provide employees with a clear understanding of the overall company’s vision. This will help employers in practicing the code of ethics, policies and procedures in the workplace. Companies must be steady in continuously delivering the uppermost ethics of provision in which customers, applicants and employees are entitled to under fair business practices. Legal and ethical issues are dominant in today’s workplace. This is one reason why many companies have a legal†¦show more content†¦This has created a positive environment in the workplace. Labor union contracts are usually approved with extensive restrictions. This gives management a commitment to fulfill on being ethically and legally conscientious. The company spent $30 million to upgrade the hot dog manufacturing facilities, which began operating in February 2001. â€Å"However, the plant could end the year with fewer than the current 1,700 jobs because the ‘Lunchables’ division, with 110 jobs, is being moved to plants in Davenport, Iowa, and Fullerton, Calif.,† (Kades, 2002). Oscar Mayer put a twist on their traditional products. By making its XXL Hot Dogs larger and more flavorful than traditional dogs and their fully cooked bacon only takes 10 seconds in a microwave. Their lunchables fun snacks included: Oreo and Chips Ahoy! cookies, brands that Kraft added when it attained General Foods. Boca is offering an organic, self-rising frozen pizza. Organizations are accountable to their employees, clients and shareholders. When unethical behavior is allowed to persist, it will undermine any established trust between these groups. Several business leaders agree that this type of behavior and attitude concerning ethical behavior has an effect on the organization. Because when the rules are broken, the free marketplace is in danger. The Madison facility had an accident to occur on Dec. 23 that injured two mechanics, one wasShow MoreRelatedEthical and Other Legal Issues in the Workplace3357 Words   |  13 Pagesï » ¿ Legal Analysis 10 Introduction Many reports and lawsuits have been registered related to ethical and other legal issues in the workplace. Sexual harassment is one of the most registered lawsuits in the courts over the past several years. The news of this ethical issue is common in multi-national companies, political institutes, schools and colleges as well as military institutes. Because of this, many bright professionals have lost their careers; a huge amount of cash has been paid in legalRead MoreWorkplace Related Legal And Ethical Issues1383 Words   |  6 PagesWeek 5 Assignment: Workplace Related Legal and Ethical Issues Due Day 7 of Week 5 Write a four to five page paper addressing how your chosen work-related issue/problem from the week two discussion is addressed by your state Board of Nursing (BON) and other professional nursing organizations. Use the following guidelines and evaluation criteria.Include level-one APA headings in your paper using the section headings below. Use a minimum of five references from the professional nursing literature inRead MoreEthical and Legal Issues at the Workplace: A Case Study1053 Words   |  4 Pagesone could frame the ethical issue in this case. The first is whether private Internet surfing on company time is unethical, the second is whether surfing pornography specifically is an ethical issue. Surfing in general is strictly an ethical issue, depending on what the companys specific policy is. Surfing pornography is also a legal issue, as such activity could constitute a hostile work environment (as in Gallagher v. C.H. Robinson Worldwide). There are two key ethical issues at w ork in this caseRead MoreLegal or Ethical Issues in the Workplace: The Lecherous Boss3081 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Legal or Ethical Issues in the Workplace: The Lecherous Boss The workplace is a microcosm of society as a whole. Therefore, one has to anticipate that one will encounter legal and ethical issues in the workplace, just as one encounters legal and ethical issues in the world in general. Of course, not all of these problems will be significant, while others will be significant. The difficulty for the employee is determining what ethical and legal issues are critical, which ones are less importantRead MoreDrug And Alcohol Testing On The Workplace1663 Words   |  7 PagesDrug and Alcohol Testing in the Workplace Due: Monday Dec 1, 2014 COMM-220-F Rebecca Walsh By Brett Tate and Brandon Bracko November 17, 14 Introduction People often question drug and alcohol testing in the work place. It is a controversial subject that has a range of mixed emotions. But where do you draw the line when it comes to crossing the boundaries of prying into one’s personal life? This report will explain the legal, and ethical issues surrounding the topic of drug and alcohol testing inRead MoreEthics Of Human Resources : Ethics1593 Words   |  7 PagesEthics In Human Resources Logan Fjelstad March 13, 2015 Ethics In Human Resources Ethics in the workplace are an important part of any business owner or business managers job. The human resources department or HR deal with a vast array of different ethical challenges. HR departments deal directly with everyone employed by a company. HR can include many ethical pitfalls that can lead to a bad reputation or damage a companies financial sustainability if the situation is not handledRead MoreEthical Issues Of The Workplace1494 Words   |  6 Pages Ethical Issues in the Workplace Student’s Name Task 1 Helen is facing a big problem and challenge as well. This ethical concern can be termed as a challenge rather than a problem since it has not taken a side that can be considered as a problem. The challenge is evident and if the alteration of the financial statement to suit the demands of the customers. In the case Helen changes the document then she will have gone against accounting ethical codes. If she fails to adjust the financialRead MoreWorkplace Ethical Dilemma Essay1301 Words   |  6 Pages+ Workplace Ethical Dilemma Tanya W. Cooper BSHS/332 Professional, Ethical and Legal Issues in Human Services April 16, 2012 Kathleen Roberts Everyday individuals are faced with issues associated with ethical dilemmas. Ethical dilemmas involve an individual’s behavior toward a moral standard, which may have been established from previous generations and passed along. In upholding the standards taught individual may be forced to take a particular action involving a decision when a behaviorRead MoreWorkplace Bullying And Abuse Of Power848 Words   |  4 Pagescase of ethical decisions at a fictional company, Bedford Beads. Workplace bullying and abuse of power is no small matter and is an all-too-frequent occurrence. In this case, the employee was stuck between a bully and nepotism with no clear direction on how to deal with the problem at hand. It took years of mistreatment before Sally accepted that she was being bullied by her manager and was determined to take action. Unfortunately, Sally found that for all the ethical problems with workplace bullyingRead MoreEthics And Ethics Of The Workplace1014 Words   |  5 PagesEthics in the Workplace What is Ethics and why is it an important part of the workplace? Ethics or moral philosophy is the branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. (Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia) Decisions taken within an organization may be made by person or groups, but whoever makes them will be influenced by the culture of the company. A decision to behave ethically is a moral. Employees need to decide what they think

The Process Of Carrying Out A Search Strategy - 1761 Words

In the process of carrying out a search strategy, a number of measures usually taken into consideration. First and foremost, identification of the question is crucial as it enables one to translate natural language terms to subject descriptors and MeSH terms. In the process of conducting the search, it is important to begin the search with the letters P and I, bearing in mind that the search results should be initially kept abroad. In the database search, there should be inclusion of cross infection (and other searches related to hospital acquired infection and the use of antibiotics). The search strategy should also include sites such as CINAHL and Medline/PubMed as initial article databases used in scoping search for various health†¦show more content†¦Depending on the research question, the aim of the study can be achieved through adoption of different population sample, new conceptual frameworks, various techniques, or trying to link different studies where the outcomes did not provide solutions to the problem. The goal of the literature review is to determine the kind of search that has been carried out in line with the present research. In recognition of this approach, the study of various articles to provide evidence of the health challenge. There are four categories of literature reviews employed in the study. They include: those that analyze health systems written for the perspective of comprehensive resources; synopses which mainly allow for the extraction of high-quality information mainly in the form of abstracts; syntheses which involve system atic reviews and; studies on the actual research question. Some of the two research evidence sources that were considered for the study include: Bettany-Saltikov, J. (2012) How to do a systematic literature review in nursing: a step-by-step Guide. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill/Open University Press. This article was used in understanding some of the various categories of literature reviews that can be used expound on the present research question. The other article is: Rice, H. E., Englum, B. R., Gulack, B. C., Adibe, O. O., Tracy, E. T., Kreissman, S. G., Routh, J. C. (2015). Use

Personal Reflection On Emotional Intelligence - 1640 Words

[Type text] [Type text] [Type text] Rodha Albaker INM407 Reflective Essay Emotional Intelligence- Personal Reflection Introduction and Definition of EI The topic of our group presentation was Emotional Intelligence (EI), a term that refers to the convergence of emotion and intelligence; that is, the ability to recognise one s own emotions and the emotions of others. According to Mayer and Geher (1996). There are physical cues (such as facial expressions and posture) that are universally-accepted as universally representative of emotions, and thus, and inability to recognise emotions plays a role in hindering self-awareness and self-insight. Once one is able to recognise emotions in him/herself and others, he or she can use this knowledge to regulate one s own emotions and motivate, plan, and achieve life goals. EI plays an important role within management and leadership, particularly when it comes to maintaining job satisfaction among employees (Shooshtarian, Ameli and Aminilari, 2013). This is particularly important as employees who report high levels of job satisfaction are also shown to perform better in their professional du ties (Ferris et al., 2010). Personal Goals and EI I strive to be a good leader and reach the fullest of my potential; and through learning to understand both my own emotions and the emotions of others, I can convey the empathy required to connect with other people and work towards greater goals. According to Semadar, Robins Ferris,Show MoreRelatedThe Adolescent Social Emotional Management Program1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe Adolescent Social-Emotional Management Program is designed to implement aspects of Mayer and Salovey’s theory of ability emotional intelligence, Goleman’s theory of mixed emotional intelligence, and cognitive behavioral therapy to teach adolescents how to effectively understand and manage their emotions, as well as understand the emotions of others. Additionally, adolescents will learn skills necessary to lead successful lives outside of treatment that include self-awareness, motivation, andRead MoreMy Experiences After Attending The Practice Of Public Health Leadership998 Words   |  4 Pages urge for personal authenticity and an appreciation of the power of vulnerability in leadership. Through personal interactions with other students and presenters as well as the group activities, I have realised that the success of the team depends on recognising each other’s strengths and complementing on the weaknesses. In addition, I have learnt that effective leadership depends on team work, incorporating people with different skills and abilities. I have learnt the importance of personal reflectionRead MoreImportance of Self-Assessment in Leadership Roles1078 Words   |  4 Pageshighlight typical pitfalls in self-evaluation. SELF ASSESSMENT CAN IMPROVE EMOTIONAL SOCIAL INTELLIGENCE Emotional intelligence in leadership has been described by Prati et al. as â€Å"the ability to read and understand others in social contexts, to detect the nuances of emotional reactions, and to utilize such knowledge to influence others through emotional regulation and control† (Prati et al., 2003). Importantly, emotional intelligence also comprises the capability to monitor, understand and regulate ones’Read MoreMy Experience At The Public Health Leadership984 Words   |  4 PagesReflection This paper discusses my experiences after attending the Public Health Leadership subject in 2015, reflecting on important lessons learnt, the relevance to my work and the support required for my improvement. When I enrolled in this subject, I was not sure that I will get the best out of the subject considering my experiences with many leadership courses where the presenters have focused on theories of leadership skills without giving practical insights. However, at the end of this subjectRead MorePersonal Statement On Emotional Intelligence1100 Words   |  5 PagesIn Business. Through this reflection I will discuss my skills built through the learning of Emotional Intelligence throughout the unit. I will be discussing Goleman’s Emotional Intelligence theory that we have learnt as well as other practical ways of testing Emotional Intelligence. I will also discuss an area of possible improvement of my Emotional Intelligence linking to my future career prospects through my own personal results in the Schuttes Emotional Intelligence Test. 2.0 Intrapersonal EffectivenessRead MoreManagement Personal Reflection Paper1631 Words   |  7 PagesMyers Briggs Personal Style Inventory, Helping OB assessment, and Emotional Intelligence OB assessment, we can begin to focus on these aspects of our personality and use them to our advantage. Using these specific assessment tools, I will look at my results and analyze them to identify my personal abilities and faults. Furthermore, I will take this analysis and describe how I can use these results in the workplace. Myers Briggs Personal Style Inventory Analysis The Myers Briggs Personal Style InventoryRead MoreMy Career Goals, Strengths, Weaknesses, And Weaknesses1003 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction This portfolio has been developed for the sole purpose to explore my personal experiences in BSB124 Working in Business and particularly my interpersonal effectiveness. In order for me to achieve my career goal in Human Resource Management, understanding interpersonal aspects will have a positive affect on me within the workplace (Gregorio, 2012). Within this portfolio, I will examine my own intrapersonal strengths and weaknesses regarding these competencies likely to help me inRead MoreTheoretical Framework Lectures1513 Words   |  6 PagesInterpersonal skills, therefore, are heavily grounded on Emotional Intelligence. Emotional intelligence (EI) is very different from the framework of intellectual intelligence (IQ), but just as important in a different way. In fact, social intelligence may be another term , if not at least a component of emotional intelligence and interpersonal skills are, inherently, important in very aspect of life form enabling a person to grow in areas of personal success to genrating his growth in vocational progressRead MoreEmotional Intelligence ( Eq )1051 Words   |  5 Pagespsychology with a desire to pursue a career in counseling, understanding and developing personal emotional intelligence could play a significant role in the success or failure of my career. Emotional Intelligence (EQ), according to John Mayer (2009) is the ability to be aware of and manage one’s own and others emotions (para. 1). Myers (2013) identifies four components of emotional intelligence (pg. 375). The first is emotional awareness, or the ability to recognize emotions in yourself and ot hers. SecondRead Morefs2 episode1 130322235456 phpapp011525 Words   |  7 PagesGrammar and spelling acceptable Analysis questions were not answered. Grammar and spelling unsatisfactory My Reflection Reflection statements are profound and clear, supported by experiences from the episode. Reflection statements are clear; but not clearly supported by experiences from the episode. Reflection statements are shallow, supported by experiences from the episode. Reflection statements are unclear and shallow and are not supported by experiences from the episode. My Portfolio Portfolio

Working in Partnership in health and social care free essay sample

Assessment requirements To achieve each outcome a learner must demonstrate the ability to: LO1 Understand partnership philosophies and relationships in health and social care services 1. 1 Explain the philosophy of working in partnership in health and social care 1. 2 Evaluate partnership relationships within health and social care services LO2 Understand how to promote positive partnership working with users of services, professionals and organisations in health and social care services 2. 1 Analyse models of partnership working across the health and social care sector. Review current legislation and organisational practices and policies for partnership working in health and social care 2. 3 Explain how differences in working practices and policies affect collaborative working LO3 Be able to evaluate the outcomes of partnership working for users of services, professionals and organisations in health and Social care services. 3. 1 Evaluate possible outcomes of partnership working for users of services, professionals and organisations 3. 2 Analyse the potential barriers to partnership working in health and social care services 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Working in Partnership in health and social care or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3 Devise strategies to improve outcomes for partnership working in health and social care services. The Stafford Hospital enquiry was triggered off by Julie Bailey, through her ‘Cure the NHS’ campaign. Bailey demanded for ‘changes’ in the NHS after the death of her mother in the Safford Hospital in 2007. The Healthcare Commission carried out an investigation into the Hospital which brought the National attention to the scandal. The commission was first alerted by the apparently high mortality rates in patients admitted as emergencies. When the Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust which isresponsible for running the hospital, failed to provide what the commission considered an adequate explanation, a full-scale investigation was carried out between March and October 2008. The revelations of the abuse at Stafford hospital were widely considered to be deeply shocking for example, patients were left in their own urine by nurses, and forced to resort to drinking from flower vases. Further enquiry was carried out in July 2009 and the report was released on 24t h February 2010. This lead to the Trust apologising for its fallings and payouts of up to ? 11. 000 were received by some of the affected families. In June 2010 a new public inquiry was set up by the new government chaired by Robert Francis QC which began on 8th November 2010. A million pages of previous evidence and hearings from witnesses were considered. The final report was published on 6th February 2013 and made 290 local and national recommendations which includes that the regulators should monitor and de- authorize the Foundation Trust. The care sector was not left out of this as there have been Serious Case Reviews both in the Children and Adult Services such as Adult A, Victoria Climbee, Baby P and Daniel Pelka among others. These reviews investigated cases of abuse, neglect and subsequent death of these vulnerable adults and children and triggered changes in the law and working practices. As a result, new policies, frameworks and strategies have been developed and implemented to drive the prevention of such cases, for example the Children Act 2004 and The Mental Capacity Act and Deprivation of Liberty to Safeguards 2007. The Mental Capacity Act stipulates that those with dementia, mental illness or physical disability cannot be labeled as lacking mental capacity or as being unable to contribute to their own decisions without a prior assessment. Information and guidance on use of the Equality Act 2010 with particular emphasis on protection from harassment related to disability was put in place. The Mental Capacity Act works in conjunction with the Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards to ensure that vulnerable adults are not a danger to themselves or others. Different policies and government white papers had highlighted the need for collaborative working among Health and Social care providers. Such policies like SOVA (Safeguarding of Vulnerable Adults), No Secrets Guidance, Every Child Matters, Laming reports and Putting People First and so on, mandates Healthcare Providers to safeguard vulnerable individuals in their care from harm and abuse. In the Government Response to the Stafford Hospital Scandal ‘‘Patients First and Foremost’, the NHS affirmed their commitment to a better care: â€Å"Whether in a care home, at the family doctor, in a community pharmacy, in mental health services, or with personal care in vulnerable people’s homes, we will ensure that the fundamental standards of care, that people have a right to expect are met consistently, whatever the settings†. Assignment: In view of the above issues in the Health and Social Care Sector, you are required to write a REPORT based on the instructions below to convey your knowledge, understanding of collaborative working and good practice as well as make relevant recommendations for improvement. Your report should be in three sections meeting all the assessment requirements. You are required to relate your answers to any or both of these case studies: THE MID STAFFORDSHIRE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST AND ADULT A SERIOUS CASE REVIEW. You should ensure you have studied the case reviews and use them both in and out of classroom. You must relate them to the section/assessment criteria and analyse them using different sources of information. The report must be submitted as one document. Please note: The ADULT A SERIOUS CASE REVIEW and the Francis Inquiry report on THE MID STAFFORDSHIRE NHS FOUNDATION TRUST are uploaded in the ‘assignment pack folder’ on stponline. You must research news reports and other websites including the ones further below to familiarize yourself with the given case studies before starting your report. Section A (Indicative word count: 1000) In relation to any or both given case studies explain the philosophy of working in partnership (covering LO1. 1, M1, M2 M3). In relation to any or both given case studies, evaluate the effectiveness of partnership relationships within Health and Social care (covering LO1. 2, M2, M3, D3). Section B (Indicative word count: 1000) In relation to any or both given case studies carry out the following: Analyse models of partnership working across the health and social care sector (D1). Then review current legislation and organisational practices and policies for partnership working in health and social care (D2). Finally, explain how differences in working practices and policies affect collaborative working (covering LO 2. 1, 2. 2,2. 3, M2, M3,D1,D2 Section C (Indicative word count: 1000) In relation to the any or both given case studies carry out the following: Evaluate possible outcomes of partnership working for users of services, professionals and organisations and then analyse the potential barriers to partnership working in health and social care services. Finally, devise strategies to improve outcomes for partnership working in health and social care services (covering LO3. 1, 3. 2 3. 3, M1, M2, D1, D2, D3) Total word count 3000 words (+/- 10%)

Hiv Aids Essay In English Example For Students

Hiv Aids Essay In English AIDS Whats new ?-Is the message getting through? We already know enough about AIDStoprevent its spread, but ignorance, complacency, fear and bigotry continue to stop many from taking adequate precautions to stop the risk of getting the aids virus. We know enough about how the infection is transmitted to protectourselves from it without resorting to such extremes as mandatory testing, enforced quarantine or total celibacy. But too few people are getting the AIDS message they just cant get the message thought their minds. Perhaps many simply dont like or want to believe what they hear,preferring to think that AIDS cant happen to them. Experts repeatedly remind us that infective agents do not discriminate, but can infect any and everyone. Like other communicable diseases, AIDS can strike anyone. It is not necessarily confined to a few high-risk groups. We must all protect ourselves from this infection and teach our children about it in time to take effective precautions. Given the right measures, no one need get AIDS. The pandemic continues:Many of us have forgotten about the virulence of widespread epidemics,such as the 1917/18 influenza pandemic which killed over 21 million people,including 50,000 Canadians. Having been lulled into false security by modernantibiotics and vaccines about our ability to conquer infections, the Westernworld was ill prepared to cope with the advent of AIDS in 1981. (Retro-spective studies now put the first reported U.S. case of AIDS as far back as1968.) The arrival of a new and lethal virus caught us off guard. Researchsuggests that the agents that are responsible for AIDS probably dates from the 1950s,with a chance infection of humans by a modified Simian virus found in African green monkeys. Whatever its origins, scientists surmise that the disease spread from Africa to the Caribbean and Europe, then to the U.S. Current estimates are that 1.5 to 2 million Americans are now probably HIV carriers,with higher numbers in Central Africa and parts of the Caribbean. Recapping AIDS the facts:AIDS is an insidious, often fatal but less contagious disease than measles,chicken pox or hepatitis B. AIDS is thought to be caused primarily by a virusthat invades white blood cells (lymphocytes) especially T4-lymphocytes orT-helper cells and certain other body cells, including the brain. In 1983and 1984, French and U.S. researchers independently identified the virusbelieved to cause AIDS as an unusual type of slow-acting retrovirus nowcalled human immunodeficiency virus or HIV. Like other viruses, HIV isbasically a tiny package of genes that imfect the blood cells. But being a retrovirus, it has the rarecapacity to copy and insert its genes right into a human cells own chromosomes (DNA). Once inside a human host cell the retrovirus uses its own enzyme, reverse transcriptase, to copy its genetic code into a DNA molecule which is then incorporated into the hosts DNA. The virus becomes an integral part of the persons body, and is subject to control mechanis ms by which it can be switched on or off. But the viral DNA may sit hidden and inactive within human cells for years, until some trigger stimulates it to replicate. There for the HIV virus may not produce illness until its genes are turned on five, ten,fifteen or perhaps more years after the initial infection. During the latent period, HIV carriers who harbour the virus without anysign of illness can unknowingly infect others. On average, the dormant virusseems to be triggered into action three to six years after first invadinghuman cells. When switched on, viral replication may speed along, producingnew viruses that destroy fresh lymphocytes. As viral replication spreads, thelymphocyte destruction virtually sabotages the entire immune system. Inessence, HIV viruses do not kill people, they merely render the immune systemdefenceless against other opportunistic: infections, e.g. yeast invasions,toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus and Epstein Barr infections, massive herpesinfections, special forms of pneumonia (Pneumocystis carinii the killer inhalf of all AIDS patients), and otherwise rare malignant tumours (such asKaposis sarcoma.)Cofactors may play a crucial contributory role:What prompts the dormant viral genes suddenly to burst into action andstart destroying the immune system is one os th e central unsolved challengesabout AIDS. Some scientists speculate that HIV replication may be set off bycofactors or transactivators that stimulate or disturb the immune system. Such triggers may be genetically determined proteins in someones system, orforeign substances from other infecting organisms such as syphilis,chlamydia, gonorrhea, HTLV-1 (leukemia), herpes, or CMV (cytomegalovirus) which somehow awaken the HIV virus. The assumption is that once HIVreplication gets going, the lymphocyte destruction cripples the entire immunesystem. Recent British research suggest that some people may have a serumprotein that helps them resist HIV while others may have one that makes themgenetically more prone to it by facilitating viral penetration of T-helpercells. Perhaps, says one expert, everybody exposed to HIV can becomeinfected, but whether or not the infection progresses to illness depends onmultiple immunogenic factors. Some may be lucky enough to have genes thatprotect them form AIDS!Variable period until those infected develop antibodies:While HIV hides within human cells, the body may produce antibodies, but,for reasons not fully understood, they dont ne utralise all the viruses. Thepresence of HIV antibodies thus does not confer immunity to AIDS, nor preventHIV transmission. Carriers may be able to infect others. The usual time takento test positive for HIV antibodies after exposure averages from four to sixweeks but can take over a year. Most experts agree that within six months allbut 10 per cent of HIV-infected people seroconvert and have detectableantibodies. While HIV antibody tests can indicate infection, they are not foolproof. The ELISA is a good screening test that gives a few false positives andmore false negatives indicating that someone who is infected has not yetdeveloped identifiable antibodies.) The more specific Western Blot test, doneto confirm a positive ELISA, is very accurate. However, absence of antibodiesdoesnt guarantee freedom form HIV, as someone may be in the window periodwhen, although already infected, they do not yet have measurable levels ofHIV antibodies. A seropositive result does not mean someone has AIDS; itmeans (s)he is carrying antibodies, may be infectious and may develop AIDS atsome future time. As to how long seropositive persons remain infectious, theJune 1987 Third International Conference on AIDS was told to assume FORLIFE. What awaits HIV-carriers who test positive?:On this issue of when those who test HIV positive will get AIDS, expertsthink that the fast track to AIDS is about two years after HIV infection; the slow route may be 10, 15, or more years until symptoms appear. Mostspecialists agree that it takes at least two years to show AIDS symptomsafter HIV infection, and that within ten years as many as 75 per cent ofthose infected may develop AIDS. A report from Atlantas CDC based on ananalysis of blood collected in San Francisco from 1978 to 1986, showed asteady increase with time in the rate of AIDS development among HIV-infectedpersons 4 percent within three years; 14 percent after five years; 36percent after seven years. The realistic, albeit doomsday view is that 100percent of those who test HIV-positive may eventually develop AIDS. Elvis Aaron Presley EssayAIDS CANNOT BE PICKED UP CASUALLY via doorknobs, public washrooms, sharedschool books, communion coups, cutlery or even by food handlers with opencuts. A relatively weak virus, HIV is easily killed by a dilute 1 in 10solution of Javex/bleach, rubbing alcohol and other disinfectants. Even whereparents or caregivers have cleaned up HIV-infected blood, vomit or feces, HIVhas not been transmitted. It is perfectly safe to share a kitchen, bathroom,schoolroom or workbench with HIV-infected individuals. But it is inadvisableto share toothbrushes, razors, acupuncture needles, enema equip-ment or sharp gadgets, which could carry infected blood through the skin. ORDINARY, NONSEXUAL WORKPLACE AND CHILDHOOD ACTIVITIES DONT TRANSMIT AIDS. The rare exception might be direct blood-to-blood contact via cuts or woundsif infected blood (in considerable amounts) spills onto an open sore. Even insuch cases a swab with dilute bleach can kill HIV viruses. Not spread by mosquitoes and other insects:-Theres no evidence of HIV transmission by insects. Researchers report thatthe AIDS virus cannot multiply or survive inside a mosquito. The infectionpattern in Africa where children who are not sexually active might beexpected to have AIDS if mosquito bites were a real threat shows no sign ofinsect transmission. Vaccines still a way off:-Scientists caution that a safe, effective vaccine against HIV may be atleast a decade away, mainly because, like the influenza virus, HIV mutates(changes structure) quickly, producing different strains. (Several differentHIV strains have already been isolated.) An ideal vaccine must be able tostimulate neutralization of both free viruses and those hidden withinlymphocytes, such as T-helper cells. Researchers in various countries havedeveloped and are testing a few preliminary vaccines. One sub-unit vaccine,made from virus coat material (a glycoprotein) genetically cloned in aninsect virus (the baculovirus, which attacks moths and butterflies but nohumans) has been shown to stimulate an immune response in experimentalanimals. Another preliminary vaccine, produced by cloning modified Vacciniaviruses, containing a portion of HIV envelope, is about to enter clinicaltrials in New York. (It would be applies, like the old smallpox vaccine, intoa small scratch.) But to date no vaccine tried in animals or humans has beenshown to prevent AIDS. Testing no solution:Large scale, screening of the public for HIV antibodies offers little pro-tection because todays apparent negatives can become infected tomorrow ortest seropositive when antibodies develop in those already harboring HIV. Reliance on tests could lull people into false complacency. A false nega-tive result may fool someone into risky sexual behaviour. Curiously, despitea widespread demand for tests, especially among high-risk groups, a study inPittsburgh showed that 46 percent of a group of homosexual/bisexual mentested did not return for or want their antibody test results. Many healthexperts therefore believe that mandatory testing would be useless as HIVantibody tests only indicate exposure, not necessarily infectivity. As oneUniversity of Toronto virologist puts it: Widescale compulsory screening forHIV antibodies is not necessarily useful and will do nothing to promoteprevention or cure. Whats needed perhaps is more accurate knowledge aboutthe disease and more responsible behaviour rather than testing.Those who should consider testing might include people known to be at highrisk and any who think they may have been HIV-infected or who wish to betested and have discussed it with their physician. Wh ats needed, as with anyinfectious disease, is not more testing buy more precautions againstinfection. Message clear but still largely unheeded:Despite a veritable lack of AIDS information, experts claim that too fewpeople are changing their lifestyles or behaviour sufficiently to protectthemselves from AIDS. A recent Canadian poll revealed widespread ignorance ofthe fact that AIDS is primarily a sexually acquired infection, not caught bycasual touch. The survey showed that although sexual intercourse amongadolescents has risen steeply in the past 10 years, less than 25 percent ofthose aged 18 to 34 have altered their sexual behaviour to protect them-selves against AIDS, i.e. by consistent use of condoms and spermicide. THE CENTRAL MESSAGE IS CLEAR: UNLESS ABSOLUTELY SURE (and monogamy is noguarantee) THAT YOUR SEX PARTNER IS HIV-FREE, USE A CONDOM (latex, not madeof animal material) plus a reliable spermicide (e.g. one containing nonoxyl-9). Studies with infected haemophiliacs show that condom use by a regular sexpartner reduces infection risks, compared to unprotected sex. And regularcondom use may bring the added reward of preventing other sexually trans-mitted diseases such as gonorrhea and chlamydia or unwanted pregnancy. Many educators say that, by whatever means, AIDS information must get outto young people at an early enough age for them to absorb it before becomingsexually active. Only by acting upon accurate AIDS information can peopleprotect themselves, their sex partners, families and ultimately society fromthis disease. Protection the only answer:The best way to avoid AIDS is to regard it as a highly lethal disease andpractice commonsense prevention. Avoiding infection is IN ONES OWN HANDS. People can protect themselves. To sotp its spread, people are encouraged toobtain and apply accurate AIDS information to their living styles and sexualhabits in order to reduce the risk of getting or transmitting the virus. Sadly, health promoters claim that reaching the many who dont want to knowis no easy task. Health promoters suggest that educators must learn how andwhen to communicate AIDS information in the right way at teachablemoments. Many Public Health Departments are now taking the lead indisseminating education about AIDS with largescale public awareness programs. What of the future?:Many virologists believe that since antibiotics became available in thelate 1940s we have become too complacent about viral infections, no longertake communicable disease seriously, and have modern medical schools whichdevote few teaching hours to anti-infective strategies. In fact, we stillknow little about retroviruses such as HIV. Perhaps special virology researchcentres, like the Virus Research Institute proposed for the University ofToronto, will help to halt the tragic toll of AIDS and other as yet unknownviruses waiting in the wings. For more information on AIDS or aid for AIDS call: local AIDS committees,Public Health Departments, or AIDS Hotlines (in Toronto 392-AIDS.)=============================================================================In everyday conversations, AIDS is usually a source for humour. For anybodywho is suffering from the disease there is very little humour. The bestprevention is not the thought that IT COULD NEVER HAPPEN TO ME, if that wasso all the insurance companies would be out of business. The most reliable person to be put in-charge of preventing you for gettingAIDS is YOURSELF!!!! T A K EP R E V E N T I V EP R E C A U T I O N S Words/ Pages : 3,267 / 24