Effects of Global Warming on Animals Essay

In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has started different ecological battles to bit by bit settle the expanding effects of environmental change towards nature (Silverstein et. al. , 2003 p. 5). The public’s expanded thoughtfulness regarding such issue isn't any longer astonishing as it undermines each animal with conceivably crushing outcomes. Be that as it may, the subjects of creature wellbeing have gotten lesser consideration contrasted with the financial, modern and social effects of climatic changes brought by a dangerous atmospheric devation (Sherman, 2002 p. 204). As per Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003), the essential worry of environmentalists is the fast increment of climatic change reliably adjusting the regular nature of untamed life in different biological systems. In view of the yearly estimation of air carbon dioxide (ACO) focuses, two significant signs portraying emotional natural examples have been watched, to be specific (1) â€Å"seasonal cycle that mirrors the digestion of earthly environments in the northern hemisphere†, and (2) â€Å"accelerating increment in tropospheric centralizations of ACO since 1957† (Vitousek, 1994). As bolstered by different investigations (Root, Price and Hall et al. , 2003; Vitousek, 1994; Tylianakis, Didham and Bascompte et al. , 2008), an unnatural weather change impacts, to be specific (1) increments in temperature, (2) adjustment of natural ways of life, and (3) climatic gas lopsided characteristics, significantly influence the states of set of all animals. II. Writing Review a. An Earth-wide temperature boost: Ecological Imbalance The fundamental standard of an unnatural weather change comprises of the collection of radiation vitality from the sun coming about to the warming of the planet’s surface (Houghton, 2004 p. 14). In view of 688 distributed investigations on a worldwide temperature alteration, the three significant natural effects influencing the environmental frameworks of creatures and plants are (1) temperature changes, (2) modifications of creature advantageous connections, and (3) awkward nature in the air gases (Tylianakis, Didham and Bascompte et al. , 2008). In view of the investigation of Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003), worldwide temperature has expanded to around 0. 6 degree C since 1880s, and anticipated to increment reliably with the coming ages. The consistent adjustments of atmosphere might be because of the three after reasons: (1) sunspot cycles, (2) volcanic ejections creating huge amounts of fine debris noticeable all around, and (3) the event of El Nino Southern Oscillation (Gupta, 1998 p. 86). In the scholarly surveys of Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003) utilizing 143 unique investigations, dominant part of the examinations uncover the imperiling circumstances of roughly 80% of species that are currently step by step acclimating to different biological systems because of the physiological requirements brought by ecologic changes. Indeed, as indicated by the investigation of Thomas, Cameron and Green et al. (2004), creature living spaces and endurance desires have been adjusted by the impacts of an unnatural weather change expanding the anticipated termination dangers to around 20% among the example environments, in particular Queensland, Mexico, South Africa, Amazonia and Europe. b. Increments in Temperature With the approach of modernization, auto motors, power plants, mechanical factories, and private warming frameworks consume coal, oil, or gaseous petrol bookkeeping to 98% of the carbon dioxide added to the climate, while the other 2% id because of the expanded deforestation and mining (Tomera, 2001 p. 113). As indicated by Root, Price and Hall et al. (2003), quick temperature increments and environmental burdens brought by the adjustments of biological systems are disturbing the characteristic networks of different species, which lead to constrained adjustments of species, various extirpations and potential annihilations. As bolstered by the investigation of Pounds, Bustamante and Coloma et al. (2006), one case of enormous creature eradications happened in the mountains of Costa Rica cleaning 67% of the different 110 types of Atelopus, for example, harlequin frog (Atelopus Sp. ) and brilliant frog (bufo periglenes) and pathogenic chytrid organism (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), which are endemic to American tropical natural surroundings. In an examination directed by Penuelas, Fillela and Comast (2002), life cycles in a Mediterranean situation (Cardedeu, NE Spain) has been seen from 1952 to 2000 so as to decide potential modifications in the biological systems and expanding atmosphere changes. With the temperature increment adding up to ? 1. 4 degree C (1952 to 2000), results uncover noteworthy phonological changes among the various types of creatures (e. g. spring transitory flying creatures showing up 15 days after the fact in 2000 looked at 1952, and so on ). Noticing the referenced temperature increment in the last investigation, Hanson, Sato and Ruedy (2006) propose that a general increment of ? 1 degree C is probably going to influence the ocean levels and eradicate different species. c. Cooperative Relationships: Predisposing Species Extinction Temperature, atmosphere, and gas uneven characters are the main a worldwide temperature alteration impacts adjusting the various degrees of ecologic beneficial interaction. The ascent of worldwide temperature influences the geological appropriation of ectothermic creatures, decomposers and for the most part those with lesser warm resistance (Portner, 2001). For instance, thermally narrow minded metazoans and different decomposers have uniquely indicated increment mitochondrial oxygen request corresponding to the ascent of temperature, which came about to the decrease of their populace (Portner, 2001). Utilizing species-territory and endemic-zone connections, Malcolm, Liu and Neilson et al. (2006) have recognized the anticipated percent annihilations of test biodiversities (Cape Floristic Region, Caribbean, Indo-Burma, Australia, and Tropical Andes, and so on.) going from <1 to 43% of the endemic biota (averaging to 11. 6%). Different etiologies got from upset environmental beneficial interaction clarify these projections. Most usually, the lopsidedness environmental gases and high temperature result to the expanded development of plants with lacking sustenance brought by low natural property of soil (Kirschbaum, 1995). With the low-supplement fertilizers, decomposers may step by step decline upsetting the typical biological system level cycling (Vitousek, 1994). Notwithstanding decomposer disturbances, the investigation of Kirschbaum (1995) has proposed a checked loss of over 10% of natural soil for each 1 degree C increment in temperature because of the sensational obliteration of temperature-touchy natural decomposers in various districts universally. These information infers that the expanding pattern of temperature rise and vaporous irregular characteristics can drastically add to the eradication of various species.

Parental Influence On Children

Parental Influence On Children A human is a social creature. In public activity sexual orientation generalizations and predispositions, kids routinely figure out how to embrace their jobs in the general public that are not reasonable and same for both genders. As kids venture into immaturity, they are presented to the various layers of the public activity, this investigation information has been increased through various sources among these sources, their folks are the primary wellsprings of their insight. Guardians are the most powerful character for their youngsters. Public activity is classified in numerous capacities layers that an individual needs to act in the specific period of his age. Each youngster need to assume his sexual orientation job in the general public as it grow up and goes through different phase of its development life cycle.(Martin, Wood, Little, 1990). Presentation Youngsters adapt frequently very soon being a kid or a young lady in our general public through various exercises, supportive gestures, demoralizations, openings, obvious practices, undercover recommendations, and different types of direction, kids experience the procedure of sex job socialization. This is extremely hard for a youngster to develop to the adulthood without encountering some type of the restrictions and benefits that a sexual orientation has in our general public. These benefits and confinements are known as the sex jobs that a person needs to play dependent on connection with a similar sexual orientation. (Martin, Wood, Little, 1990). A childs mushrooming feeling of self, or self-idea, is a consequence of the entire host of thoughts, perspectives, practices, and convictions to which the individual is uncovered and the information stream around the kid environmental factors. This encompassing has been started from the guardians and afterward it enlarges with the development of the children.(Santrock, 1994). As youngsters moves in the bigger world their group of friends enlarges and they incorporate the companions and different individuals from family and instructors thus numerous individuals who cause them to understand their social obligations and rights. Parental Influence A childs most punctual presentation to being male or female originates from guardians (Lauer, 1994; Santrock, 1994; Kaplan, 1991). The guardians treat their youngsters male or female in various habits when they are babies. The separation has been made in the style of dressing, sort of dressing, shades of the dresses and their toys and expecting diverse conduct from the kids having a place with various genders.(Thorne, 1993). One investigation shows that guardians have differential desires for children and little girls as right on time as 24 hours after birth (Rubin, Provenzano, Luria, 1974). Youngsters started to react the inside messages of their folks having a place with their sex jobs of public activity when they are simply of two years of age. (Weinraub et al., 1984). An exploration has come about with a resolution that offspring of the age of over two years old use sexual orientation generalizations in arranging their reality and are probably going to sum up sex generalizations to an assortment of exercises, articles, and occupations (Fagot, Leinbach, OBoyle, 1992; Cowan Hoffman, 1986). Guardians give first look at social conduct to his youngster. They train their youngster how to banter with each class and classification of the social parts of the entire society. Guardians are the primary social instructors of their kids; they show them how to respond and how to determine the contentions of the life and how to progress in public activity. (Fagot, Leinbach, OBoyle, 1992; Cowan Hoffman, 1986). Good examples The most significant impact on the public activity of a kid that the guardians have is the job displaying. Guardians are the principal good examples for the kid. This is demonstrated certainty that representation and useful ramifications effectsly affect the brain in examination of tuning in. At the point when the youngsters watch the functional conduct of their folks towards various individuals identifying with their group of friends they become familiar with the equivalent and actualize in their up and coming life. For instance, if a youngster watches a courteous conduct of his folks towards the home workers, they would likewise begin to regard and amiable demeanor with them and if their folks would be inconsiderate with them, they would resemble insightful. This additionally have been examined that the offspring of the timid and non-sure guardians stay bashful and non-confient and ineffective and the offspring of sharp and smart guardians become socially solid and sure. This is al l a direct result of job displaying impact. (Hoffman, 1977). Ingraining Confidence:C:Documents and SettingsNaveedDesktopindex.jpg Socialization rotates far and wide of certainty. Certainty is the way to make progress in each part of life. Guardians can ingrain trust in their kids in various ways. Guardians can ingrain trust in their youngsters through permitting them in autonomy and giving them neighborly and helpful condition.. As the youngsters grows up and enter his feet in the Middle School or secondary school this idea become so significant. Kids begin to manufacture the premise of their profession and public activity from this age. Kids with incredible arrangement of certainty become the cooperative individuals and group pioneers relying upon their degree of certainty that have been given through their folks. In the event that a parent has shown her youngster that anything is possible and has advanced his fearlessness, he will be bound to follow up on that, driving him to make companions simpler and go to bat for himself. Be that as it may, here is a significant factor to consider by the guardians the fre edom would be collapsed in the social and good cutoff points. Autonomy doesn't intend to be unsocial or past the restrictions of the ethical quality and unobtrusiveness. (Haslett, Geis, Carter, 1992). Social Image and Ambition Building: Numerous investigations have demonstrated that guardians treat children and little girls in an unexpected way (Jacldin, DiFietro, Maccoby; Woolett, White, Lyon; Parke OLeary, in Hargreaves Colley, 1986; Snow, Jacklin, Maccoby, 1983; Power, 1981). In any case, guardians assume indispensable job in the advancement of the feeling of aspiration about the societal position for the youngsters. For instance, if the guardians are continually reassuring the youngster and trying to shape its mentality towards somebody incredible, the kid is bound to accept that this destiny is conceivable. So the kids will be sufficiently sure to talk with school confirmations guides or potential managers, since every last bit of her life the individual has had an emotionally supportive network that revealed to her she could do it. On the opposite end the youngsters who are instructed the constraints of fate advertisement destiny, they generally would be least sure and invested all their absence of amounts of energy at the destiny and karma and would not attempt much in life to achieve the normal social and expert desires forced by their folks. . (Mill operator Lane in Ber-ryman-Fink et al., 1993). End: Guardians are the key components in the public activity of the kids. As the combined and solid base guarantees a solid and dependable structure. Similarly, guardians are beginning of the public activity of the kids and they are good example to their youngsters. Their social conduct would be created with perception of their folks social practices. Kids first companion would rely upon the group of friends of their folks. Their per-school and school, their field of study and their economic wellbeing would all be subject to their folks.

Famous Quotes That Reveal the True Face of Politics

Well known expressions That Reveal the True Face of Politics Here are 20 well known individuals who have made particularly shrewd, clever, or informativeâ statements about governmental issues. Some have been in a place of intensity, others have had a winged creatures eye perspective on the show that goes on inside consecrated lobbies. Their sentiments convey an abundance of knowledge. Dalton Camp Canadian lawmaker Dalton Camp was a supporter of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada, and was one of the first voices of Red Toryism. Camp offered this remark to imply that governmental issues frequently focuses on immaterial things as opposed to focusing on greater issues.â Governmental issues is made up to a great extent of unimportant matters. Will Durant American savant and student of history Will Durant was notable for The History of Civilization. His words fundamentally summarize what governments really do.â The political machine triumphs since it is joined minority acting against a separated greater part. Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Khrushchev wasâ a Russian government official, and filled in as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He offered this remark on 22 August 1963 to Chicago Tribune with regards to the development of an extension in Belgrade, to accentuate that a government officials word is totally redundant.â Government officials are a similar everywhere. They guarantee to construct an extension even where there is no stream. Texas Guinan Texas Guinan was an American on-screen character. Her astute utilization of incongruity express the cleverness of a government official who can utilize anybody to assist ones nation. A lawmaker is a kindred who will set out your life for his nation. Napoleon Bonaparte One of the best military pioneers of the world, Napoleon Bonaparte was an ace planner and a quintessential government official. Bonapartes words convey an abundance of shrewdness when he says that nonsensicalness is an invite quality in politics.â  â  In legislative issues, a preposterousness isn't an impairment. Saul Bellow Saul Bellow was a Canadian-brought into the world American author, who won the Nobel and Pulitzer prizes. His words misrepresent a feeling of scorn for legislators who appear novices. Take our lawmakers: theyre a lot of yo-yos. The administration is currently a cross between a notoriety challenge and a secondary school banter, with a reference book of clichã ©s the primary prize. Francis Bacon Francis Bacon was an English savant and his statement here implies that legislators think that its intense to remain totally consistent with their calling, much the same as it is hard to be totally good. It is as hard and serious a thing to be a genuine government official as to be really good. Albert Einstein Renowned researcher Albert Einstein urges residents to be engaged with governmental issues. Yet, he likewise surrenders that legislative issues is more unpredictable than science.â Legislative issues is more troublesome than material science. Mao Tse-Tung Mao Tse-Tung was the organizer of the People’s Republic of China. He clarifies that legislative issues and war are nearly the equivalent aside from that in the previous there isnt real carnage involved.â Governmental issues is war without slaughter while war is legislative issues with gore. Otto Von Bismarck These words by moderate Prussian Otto Von Bismarck imply that governmental issues can make anything happen.â Legislative issues is the specialty of the conceivable. Henry David Thoreau American author Henry David Thoreau opines that no nation can be totally free and unshackled, except if it acknowledges that the individual is supreme.â There will never be a truly free and edified State until the State comes to perceive the person as a higher and autonomous force. William Shakespeare English writer William Shakespeare reveals to us that a government official would consistently attempt to stay away from God, as the legislator isn't honest. A politician†¦ one that would dodge God. Tom Wolfe American creator and writer Tom Wolfe communicates that there are no obvious dissidents in this world.â A liberal is a traditionalist who has been captured. Marianne Thieme Dutch government official Marianne Thieme says that lawmakers have given more significance to cash as opposed to nature. She said this to the International Press Association individuals during a discourse in The Hague. Government officials and partnerships have constantly set monetary interests above good interests. This is presently harming the whole planet. Aristotle Greek logician, and the dad of governmental issues, Aristotle uncovers the tragic truth about lawmakers who have no available time as they are continually focusing on something.â Legislators likewise have no recreation, since they are continually targeting something past political life itself, force and magnificence, or satisfaction. Charles de Gaulle French President Charles de Gaulle discussed how government officials claim to serve the individuals, however their ulterior thought process is to consistently manage them. So as to turn into the ace, the legislator acts like the worker. John Fitzgerald Kennedy US President JFK uncovers the incongruity of life. His own famous vocation, as a government official and a president, is tribute to this. Moms all need their children to grow up to be president however they dont need them to become lawmakers all the while. Abraham Lincoln American President Abraham Lincoln was a man of majority rule sees. He had faith in the intensity of the individuals, in the most genuine sense. This statement was made during his discourse at the primary Republican State Convention of Illinois on May 29, 1856. The voting form is more grounded than the projectile. H. L. Mencken Liberal scholar American columnist H. L. Mencken uncovers the soil underneath the stone. He communicates that legislative issues is for the most part about gatherings attempting to bring each other down.â Under majority rule government one gathering consistently dedicates its main energies to attempting to demonstrate that the other party is unfit to manage and both regularly succeed, and are correct. Eugene McCarthy American Senator Eugene McCarthy says it with a straight face. He doesn't dance around the issues. Through this statement he uncovers that governmental issues takes a ton of quickness to comprehend, also boasting to feel that it is sufficiently significant to be included in.â Being in governmental issues resembles being a football trainer. You must be savvy enough to comprehend the game, and sufficiently idiotic to think its significant.

Research Paper Management

Question: Look into three business investigate papers as to depict how the specialists characterized and operationalized factors while giving a hypothetical structure. Clarify why the specialists displayed similitudes and contrasts by they way they characterized and operationalized factors while giving a hypothetical system. Determine one principle given the above investigation. Clarify why the standard you determined is significant. Answer: Presentation: Science has such a significant number of columns that are in consolidated methodology gives quantities of rationale, thinking, morals to direct examines. As the science depends on tests, there are quantities of factors have been included to lead quantities of trials to accomplish quantities of results. While we are thinking about the stage for versatile learning, it incorporates development and instruction. In todays present day period of web, the instruction framework is advancing with the new edge of correspondence by joining systems among the understudy, colleges and let them share information assets (Go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net, 2015). Indeed, even designs to cut the data innovation costs are because of the data innovation exercises that are increasingly decentralized. Information and bits of knowledge on the innovation costs were not shared over the association in an orderly manner. Henceforth, all the administrators and officials are having a tendency to decide the most effective objective to cut data innovation costs (Search.proquest.com.ezp-02.lirn.net, 2015). While Information Technology is seen as an assortment of programming and machines and an association or a gathering of individuals is pondering the spending on the data innovation, it is costly and complex. It takes legitimate arranging, determination, execution, and utilization of the IT resources in a compelling manner lastly nuisance that prompts substitution. The expanding utilization of Information Technology encourages a great deal to increase by and large accomplishment in human services association and other a few perspectives. Appropriation of Information Technology requires most extreme comprehension to air out the crate to up the additional opportunities (Search.proquest.com.ezp-02.lirn.net, 2015). While dealing with the data innovation is a significant factor, there are quantities of basic jobs for the curators are advancing over the few nations. In view of data dealing with, appropriate utilization of the web is assuming critical jobs to give information to the custodians in the information age (Search.proquest.com.ezp-02.lirn.net, 2015). Chronicled survey: The event of the versatile stage for the educating and learning reason for existing is in itself a help. Versatile innovations are as of now broadly known for various degree of understudies. It makes it feasible for the understudies to get to their study halls with ICT or Information and correspondence innovation. Ruin utilization of Internet made it conceivable to get the study hall the hand of each youngster. Sharples, (2003) recommended that as opposed to seeing the innovation empowered problematic gadgets, instructors or the resources should take activities to fuse advancements dependent on portable stage that can offer the kids help to locate the most ideal approach to place them into the best approach to accomplish advantages of elearning stage. In the course of recent years, the utilization of Mlearning stage has been expanded, regardless of whether it is the schools or work environment (Naismith, Lonsdale, Vavoula Sharples, 2015). While, reception of IT is a key part of todays day by day life, Kuan, and Chau, in the time of 2001, saw innovative setting, for example seen immediate and backhanded advantages; on the hierarchical setting he saw specialized abilities and money related expense; in the ecological setting he saw government and industry pressure (Go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net, 2015). While cutting the data innovation cost is a major worry, in the time of 2005, the counseling firm Accenture led an overview comprises of 143 seniorlevel government directors in across 13 nations including U.S. what's more, according to the discoveries there are quantities of governments are there who have cut their administration cost by permitting shared administrations working model. However, there are not many government associations there who are as yet beginning their excursion towards the mutual administrations model (Search.proquest.com.ezp-02.lirn.net, 2015). While we consider the library the board framework utilizing the Information Technology, in the time of 2001, Jewell introduced a report on the choice, permitting and additionally the help for the online materials for the examination libraries and he has just incorporated the way that libraries these days are associated with getting supporting and dealing with the electronic assets. Somewhere in the range of 2003 and 2005, the first ERM (Electronic Resource Management) framework came into the market (Elie-Dit-Cosaque Straub, 2010). The steady contention to the theme: With the coming of innovation and ruin utilization of the web has empowered the circumstance where nearly everybody tends to utilize the innovation empowered gadgets. While IT appropriation is a key thought, there are quantities of associations are expanding their income by expanding the utilization of innovative gadgets and application. Subsequently, associations are progressively will in general discover the practical method to seek after the innovative headway in the association (Hunter Lafkas, 2003). Then again, the proficient utilization of virtual extra rooms for web based educating and learning have been being used till now that have empowered the productive employments of innovation to arrive at the homeroom from the remote area. There are a few of versatile applications those are being used for directing the virtual study halls. Presently portable learning patterns are cooking over the general public that has empowered the visually impaired students to get the trial of instruction and the modern clients with different debilitations (Loi, 2015). However, it requires a specific measure of self-reflection and attention to get to gadgets and applications. American kids in the scope of 0-1 with 10% populace utilize highlighted gadgets. The understudies with the age 2-4 of 39% have iPad or video-empowered iPod, then again, the understudies with 52% populace and in the scope of 5-8 ages get to the keen gadgets. Additionally, this pattern is expanding oneself learning exercises amon g the understudies and sort of students (Go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net, 2015). Because of the e-learning stage, it gets conceivable to store the instructive asset on the virtual stage with the ability to share it among the various clients. From this time forward, it gave the appearance of new components of library the board framework. There are quantities of instructive and research foundations give their own online library the board framework, that will made them conceivable to give distinctive connect to assets and data accessible over the Internet (Skinner Rosen, 2001). End: Because of the present pattern of ruin utilization of innovation and need of innovation empowered gadgets over the business made it conceivable to comprehend the distinctive administration level association. Chiefs and the more significant level of specialists these days are engaged with evacuating the diverse degree of the executives and powers over the various degrees of errand. Higher specialists now and then are progressively will in general get the foundation, as opposed to the capstone, for example they search for the future angles before fixing the current situation. Thus, it is required for the supervisors and higher specialists to think about the data and present situation. Now and again to deal with the circumstance, it is prescribed to the specialists instead of taking out various degree of issues, it will be smarter to discover the reason for the issue; this is where associations require the progressions and the previously mentioned innovation driven viewpoints are the ke y divisions where changes occurred and served to the general public. In this setting innovation driven arrangements put an incredible effect on fix issue by cutting spending plans required for the cubicle employments, as those undertakings required quantities of HR to lead various pieces of single errand, yet with the assistance of the innovation driven arrangement, it very well may be conceivable to coordinate diverse degree of assignment. Then again advancement of use and utilization of the web made it conceivable to get to the data spread over the web. Some administration and non-government association is as yet building up their degree for including diverse innovation driven arrangement, for instance utilization of online business models those are generally being used for the maintenance of the potential clients, better stage for making cooperation inside the association or the parts arranged at various area. References: Elie-Dit-Cosaque, C., Straub, D. (2010). Opening the black box of framework utilization: client adjustment to troublesome IT. European Journal Of Information Systems, 20(5), 589-607. doi:10.1057/ejis.2010.23 Go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net,. (2015). Library and Information Resources Network, Inc.. Recovered 5 August 2015, from https://go.galegroup.com.ezp-02.lirn.net/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA324249874v=2.1it=rinPS=trueprodId=AONEuserGroupName=lirn68662sw=w Tracker, L., Lafkas, J. (2003). Opening the Box: Information Technology, Work Practices, and Wages. ILR Review, 56(2), 224-243. doi:10.1177/001979390305600202 Loi, M. (2015). Innovative joblessness and human disenhancement. Morals And Information Technology. doi:10.1007/s10676-015-9375-8 Naismith, L., Lonsdale, P., Vavoula, G., Sharples, M. (2015). Writing Review in Mobile Technologies and Learning (first ed.). Recovered from https://www2.futurelab.org.uk/assets/reports/lit_reviews/Mobile_Review.pdf Search.proquest.com.ezp-02.lirn.net,. (2015). Library and Information Resources Network, Inc.. Recovered 5 August 2015, from https://search.proquest.com.ezp-02.lirn.net/docview/204897712/99F33AC489154F35PQ/14?accountid=143980 Search.proquest.com.ezp-02.lirn.net,. (2015). Library and Information Resources Network, Inc.. Recovered 5 August 20